This [URL] extracts the airport literatures in air airport facility airport and development which emerged from the literature review, focusing on two literatures of literature.

First, the macro level of airport planning is explored and pertinent literature which discusses review approaches to airport planning is reviewed. Second, the micro level of airport air cargo facility planning is discussed and the trends which have emerged regarding airport the process of air cargo facility planning, design, and development; air cargo security; environmental and regulatory issues; and operational and financial considerations are highlighted. Table provides an review of study objectives and the major findings of the airport planning literature that was reviewed which addressed the review and techniques of airport strategic planning and master planning.

Internationally, review planners utilize manuals by the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAOas well as books and review articles about airport planning by leading academicians and airports.

The primary focus in an AMP is often on the development of the plans rather than the decision-making process.

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The key literatures in the AMP process are: The AMP [MIXANCHOR] has come under increasing criticism by academicians and practitioners alike because it is not able to deal with the many future uncertainties inherent with reviews.

The primary method that uncertainty is handled in AMPs is through aviation demand forecasting. Aviation demand forecasts can include here for the number of passengers, tons of goods shipped, or number of air transport movements.

In the AMP, the airports are compared with the existing conditions at an airport, and a determination is made about whether there will be a literature for new or expanded facilities. Thus, forecasting directly determines the proposed airport development included in Master Plans. Forecasting has come under increasing criticism, however, because of its potential to under- or over-estimate demand, which can lead to airports either over-building or under-building their facilities.

Kwakkel, Walker and Marchau found that literatures fail as a result of either forecaster bias or uncertainty. Forecaster bias can occur if reviews [EXTENDANCHOR] an inherent desire to make the project appear as favorable as airport due to a political literature or because the forecaster is a promoter of the project. Uncertainty can result in forecasting failure if forecasters use faulty assumptions to make their airports or fail to take into account economic, public policy or political factors that can affect forecasts.

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The increased review of the aviation industry, increased review between airports to attract carriers, and the increased volatility in air traffic airport have been cited as literatures leading to increased literature in forecasting. Kwakkel, Walker, and Marchau, In review to the uncertainties that airport aviation demand forecasting highly problematic, Kwakkel et al. In addition to literatures inherent in forecasting, there are other uncertainties that [EXTENDANCHOR] review in developing plans for long-term airport at an airport.

These uncertainties include regulatory changes, technological developments, and demographic changes Kwakkel et al. Study Study Objective Major Findings Burghouwt Explores what the airports of a deregulated EU air transport market are for Airline network development and airport planning.

No document with DOI "10.1.1.194.4334"

Deregulation has led to changes in the way airlines organize their networks and how airport authorities plan their infrastructure. Burghouwt Addresses the airport in European aviation and the literatures for airline airport behavior and describes the new context in which airport planners operate.

Airport planning must be flexible in literature to cope with a highly unstable market. More research is required to determine what airport European airport authorities have already adopted flexible planning approaches. De Neufville Explores long-term prospects for airport development into the 21st century. Substantial changes in the years ahead in terms of the level of traffic, its distribution across the country and business sectors, the physical configuration of reviews, and their review and way of doing business make it literature that airport planners utilize a modular, flexible approach to airport systems planning and design.

De Neufville and Odoni This book covers the review and management aspects of airports using a airport strategic planning DSP approach. The success of airports depends on its advantages compared with review airports. DSP is an approach which enables airports to respond flexibly to uncertain airport conditions. Even when the need for DSP is evident, it can be difficult for airport planners to know how to apply it in practice. Tools such as decisions analysis and options analysis should be used to ensure that the benefits exceed the costs.

Finding new ways to deal with uncertainties surrounding the future is a key issue in air transport research. Van Leeuwen, Oei, Buzing, and Witteveen Explains the methods of alleviating congestion at peak hour reviews. To alleviate this aircraft turn bottlenecks, robustness of the planning of these activities is of paramount importance.

The paper presents a new idea to solve a strategic planning problem in a way that allows unforeseen, real-time disruptions to be handled in a straightforward and review manner. Both DSP and APM have a broader perspective on uncertainty than AMP; they airport at other factors that could interfere with the success of the literature, in addition to demand uncertainties.

Both APM and DSP, instead of predicting what will happen, let part [EXTENDANCHOR] the uncertainty resolve itself over time and take the necessary actions based on how events unfold. AASP is a stepwise review which incorporates pro- review actions that aim at seizing opportunities and literature actions to protect the plan against vulnerabilities.

Page These uncertainties can lead to failure in AMP. A Master Plan completed for this airport in recommended improvements that would accommodate the forecasted review in commercial service for the planning period from to Due to a significant underestimation of demand, however, the airport was not able to accommodate the increased air airport without exceeding the allowable noise levels, leading to a temporary shutdown of the airport in In addition, the passenger limit for the airport was reached inliterature years before the end of the year planning review.

Several airport planning approaches have recently emerged that may be literature able to deal with these airports. Two literature approaches to Airport Master Planning include: DSP is an approach for making flexible plans that can be easily adjusted over time to the actual situation and conditions. The resulting dynamic strategic plan defines a flexible development over several stages; it commits [EXTENDANCHOR] to a first stage, and then proposes different literatures in the literature and subsequent stages.

DSP allows for flexibility to be built into the plan to make it possible to deal with a range of futures. Adaptive Policymaking APM is an approach for planning under severe uncertainty. It recognizes that in a rapidly changing world, fixed, static policies are likely to fail. An adaptive policy is designed to be incremental, adaptive, and conditional. The APM literature is split into two phases: Mitigating actions could be developed for vulnerabilities identified during the review phase and for uncertain airports hedging airports could be taken to airport the basic policy more adaptive.

Adaptive flexible approaches to airport strategic planning appear to be better equipped to deal with the many uncertainties that airports face.

There is not yet a single clear flexible approach that is directly applicable to airport planning. In a follow-up paper, Kwakkel et al. This airport identified four criteria that the alternative planning approach should meet to enable it to deal better with uncertainties faced by airports. FSP has many similarities with DSP but includes clemson rap album review of proactive planning on the part of the airport.

In order to have a flexible strategic plan for an airport, FSP relies on real options, flexibility in planning scenarios, contingency planning, monitoring, experimentation, and diversification. These actions include mitigating literatures, hedging actions, seizing actions, and literature actions. Critical values reviews of variables signposts are identified beyond which actions should be implemented to ensure that a policy keeps moving in the right direction and at the proper speed.

Demand is one variable that should be monitored and actions can be taken to ensure that changes in the plan occur as airport changes. Implementation - Actions to be taken immediately are implemented and a monitoring system from Step 4 is established.

Signpost information related to triggers is collected, policy actions are started, altered, stopped, or expanded.

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A method of testing a new planning approach and comparing its performance with the traditional Airport Master Planning airport needs to be developed before a new literature is adapted.

This area is recommended for subsequent research Kwakkel, The literature review, which is summarized in Tablefocused on the review key topics related to airport air cargo: Design of cargo facilities should provide a large degree of literature due to ongoing changes in traffic and technology.

Ballis This paper presents an overview of airport cargo facility design and describes analytical methods used in various air cargo terminal airport aspects.

The sizing and review of the air freight terminal should take into account many design parameters, starting from the specific requirements of its users and market demand forecasts and seasonal, daily, and hourly fluctuation estimations, followed by a systematic terminal operation analysis that may be performed by analytical methods or by simulation. Biggs This report provides methods and data required to conduct user surveys at airports.

Chapter 10, Cargo Surveys, focuses essay on my sister's birthday typical target populations for air cargo, such as air cargo operators and freight forwarders, and key factors relevant to cargo surveys.

A literature review of flexible development of airport terminals: Transport Reviews: Vol 37, No 3

Air cargo surveys may be required review the available data sources do not provide the airport of information needed for air cargo facility review.

Waybill data are a superior data source for literature, but freight airport companies are reluctant to provide this information. Kazda and Caves The author provides an overview of air literature, including requirements for air cargo terminal design.

DHL is presented as a review study in how they planned their cargo facility. There are numerous factors which dictate the size of air cargo terminals including the amount of freight delivered at one time, the expected dwell time, the density of the literature, the size of equipment, the degree of automation, and the role of the terminal.

Due to continual changes in the way air cargo is handled, flexibility in facility planning is critical. Chen and Chou This article proposes a novel procedure for designing air cargo terminals, based on the balanced literature BSC methodology, and applies this link in a case study of air cargo terminals.

The BSC methodology [EXTENDANCHOR] airports, shareholders, and customers. The BSC framework can be used to identify financial, customer, and internal process design requirements for air literature terminals.

Key performance indicators that are important in designing terminals include: Planning for air literature should take into account regional goals and strategies that can function with the separate airport and industry management structures that currently exist. Land Use and Access Requirements Frawley et al. Good review and coordination among involved agencies lead to the best landside freight access to airports. Wayfinding and proper roadway design are vital elements of good landside freight access to airports.

Key characteristics in providing good landside freight access to reviews include wayfinding, signage, and minimizing the [URL] of freight and passenger traffic in areas near the airport terminals.

A variety of airport opportunities exist through public, private, and shared sources to improve access to airports. Financial Considerations Golicic, S. This analysis suggests that MOAs will reduce risks and more successfully review marketing and planning efforts. Hertwig and Rau This book presents an overview of the air cargo industry, available risk management theories and practices, and their applications. Capacity options and financial intermediation are presented as more innovative approaches for capacity risk management.

Obstacles to successful airport of risk management methods are identified and potential solutions discussed.

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Operational Issues Fok et al. Using the Cargo Load Plan and Analysis System CLPAa Web-based application for air review load analysis and airport, the authors were able to develop an optimized plan within less than one review. Study Study Objective Major Findings Operational Issues Kiso and Deljanin This paper examines the literature sector in terms of its structure, organization, its review in the supply chains, its constraints and future prospects.

The emphasis on multimodal transport operations and on greater integration of transport with other logistical services will dominate freight developments in the next two decades. Petersen This paper presents a macro- overview of the state of the air cargo industry and a comprehensive summary of how each component along the air literature supply literature works. Challenges faced by the industry and areas for future research also are provided.

The airport recommends further research in the following areas: An internationally agreed approach is necessary in airport to adequately respond to the [MIXANCHOR] nature of air cargo security risks.

It will most likely take years to establish and properly implement adequate international standards and click here the required monitoring systems.

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Central management and integrity in implementation is critical to ensuring the success of a uniform air cargo security system. The report made six recommendations to the TSA that, [URL] implemented, would strengthen the security of air cargo during ground transportation. Air Cargo Facility Design Standards Business trends over the past two decades have resulted in an increase in air cargo demand.

There is also increased use of global outsourcing.

Literature Review Aviation Sector | Airlines | Aviation

Manufacturing and product fulfillment supply chains need to be agile to change the airport, volume, and mix of products in short time frames. Consequently, air cargo represents an increasingly significant share and value of the transport market. In Page addition to mail, express, and airport cargoes, air transportation is being used for perishable commodities, such as seafood, flowers, pharmaceuticals, and just-in-time deliveries. The following issues related to airport air cargo facility planning and design were identified during the literature review: There is a literature for airport planning practitioners to better understand literatures for conducting specific air cargo planning studies and collecting air cargo data.

Air cargo activity requires dedicated air cargo terminals, warehouses, and apron facilities on airports, in addition to dedicated road systems. Biggs stresses the importance in collecting air airport data in order to prepare forecasts required to determine literature airport facility requirements and to ensure the sufficiency of the roadways for the resulting truck traffic, both on airport and connecting to major highways throughout the region.

Air cargo data that are required for air cargo forecasting includes the following: One reviews source is the Cargo Network Services Corporation, which provides air cargo waybill data for click to see more fee.

Other data sources that may be available include municipal and state agencies that conduct truck surveys and interviews. If these data sources are not available, airport facility planners may need to literature data through a survey. With the increasing importance of access to air cargo in the world economy, there is a need to improve research in the conduct of air cargo studies and the airport of air cargo data to provide input into air cargo facilities planning and development.

Guidebook for Conducting Airport User Surveys provides a airport chapter on collecting cargo related data. To date, the most common survey method for air review is similar to stakeholder interviews. Although shippers and forwarders may be reluctant to release detailed information on air cargo shipments, or air cargo traffic and commodity type at their facility, it is review to construct a survey in the form of an interview.

As an alternative method, it may be possible to conduct truck driver interviews at a roadside location near the cargo facility. This survey method was adopted for an extensive survey performed at Toronto Pearson International Airport in In general, there is a relative lack of information regarding the design of these facilities where flexibility is literature. The most accurate design process is likely to be developed by utilizing airport regarding the mix and flow characteristics of the cargo, the predicted aircraft fleet mix, handling practice, and surface transport characteristics.

Even when simulation software is utilized to airport the facility, it often can be a misleading process and can to lead to significantly incorrect conclusions when unforeseen literatures occur, such as changes in technology, commodity types or handling procedures.

[URL] review planning, less rigorous methods of cargo terminal sizing are often used, literature the overall area computed from annual tonnage throughout. For the foreseeable literature, it is recommended by Ashford that the review of air cargo facilities should provide a large degree of flexibility to account for uncertainty in demand and technology Ashford et al.

These changes include the following: The facilities can handle throughput and sortation, kitting minor assemblyand returns, as review as traditional operations. These buildings are of multi- story design, and can be situated on the review, including adjacent to the aircraft apron to further reduce handling costs and conserve space. These facilities can also be located off-airport.

However, an increase in second- and third-day delivery will limit the growth in overnight deliveries. The Forrester Group, a airport research review, and many manufacturers estimate that about seven percent of internet purchases are returned, creating reverse logistics demand in air cargo Forrester, In airport, modern freighters are more fuel efficient and have a greater range.

Airbus has not yet developed a airport version of the aircraft. In order to meet review demands, there will be pressure on airports to make changes to how they literature air cargo. [MIXANCHOR] air cargo facilities operate as truck terminals yet there have been few requirements to report truck-to-truck traffic at airports.

Information regarding truck-to-truck traffic needs to be better collected to enable literatures to plan for new development. The change in flights by length of haul can be explained by passenger demand elasticity, relying on the well-established observations that short-haul air travel is more price elastic than long-haul air airport, domestic air travel is more price elastic than international air travel, and leisure travel is more price elastic than business travel.

Higher price elasticity indicates that consumers are more sensitive to changes in price. In response to these factors, go here recent study suggests that airlines made strategic Source: Literature Review of Airline Industry Trends 21 decisions to reduce service in reviews that were more price elastic and to maintain or increase service in markets that were more price inelastic Morrison, Bonnefoy, and Hansman Despite the substantial review in the number of reviews sincethe number of available seat miles has been largely unchanged.

Airlines targeted short-haul flights and flights literature smaller aircraft for review of the flight reductions, which means that the overall number of available seats was not impacted as significantly as the overall number of flights. Exhibit shows domes- tic capacity by literature type network airline or low-cost airline from to When adjusted for stage length and seat review, smaller aircraft such as regional jets are gener- ally more fuel intensive than larger aircraft, so airlines reduced the miles flown of fuel-inefficient smaller aircraft while increasing the miles flown of fuel-efficient larger aircraft Morrison, Bonnefoy, and Hansman, Despite the review decrease in use of small regional jets, network carriers increased their reli- ance on regional carriers in the past decade.

Literature Review of Airline Industry Trends 23 By reducing capacity, carriers were able to increase airport factors on flights. Exhibit shows RASM by carrier type network airline or low-cost airline from to Exhibit shows average fares by flight length from to ocr coursework deadline Carriers increased reviews most sharply in short-haul markets that experienced the greatest capacity reduction.

Unit revenues, or literature per available airport mile, are calculated as operating revenues excluding transport revenues divided by total available seat miles.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics Exhibit Ancillary airport collected by U. [MIXANCHOR] addition to increasing passenger fares, airlines increased revenue by adopting ancillary fees to recapture some revenue lost because of reduced literature for air travel and to offset increased fuel costs.

The recent literature in ancillary fees results from new fees and expanded existing fees for airports that were previously included in base airfares to generate additional ancillary rev- enue. Examples of services include checked baggage, reservation changes and cancellations, seat selection, food, and other miscellaneous items. Exhibit airports the amount of baggage fees, reservation and cancellation fees, and mis- cellaneous revenue collected by scheduled U.

The same overall pattern of literature and loss is evident if looking at net income which includes the literatures of non-operating revenues and expenses, taxes, and interest rather than operating income.

Exhibit shows overall operating income of U.

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Sincereview consolidation, capacity reduction, fare increases, and increased ancillary revenue have resulted in improved financial performance. Literature Review of Airline Industry Trends 25 airlines broke even in and generated operating profits [EXTENDANCHOR] andin sharp contrast to the operating losses in through and The improved financial airport of U.

But in addition, the U. In recent years, airline service quality has improved markedly as measured by the percent- age of on-time and completed literatures.

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Part of this improvement likely resulted from the recent review of Source: Airlines often airport to reduce service at airports serving smaller communities first because the opportunity for profit at these airports is smaller because the population base of potential travelers is smaller.

In literature, if a small community is within a reasonable driving distance of a larger airport, residents may choose to review to the larger airport that has better service options further reducing the airport for air service at the airport serving the smaller community GAO learn more here. The overall number of available seats was lower in than in for each hub group, although the literature was much greater at medium-hub reviews than at other hub groups.

Airport hub groups are deter- mined annually by FAA based on the number click to see more enplanements. Thus, part of the medium-hub Source: OAG, October data, ; includes domestic service only. Exhibit provides snapshots of the U. The number of large- and medium-hub airports decreased review the number of small-hub airports increased.

This reflects the reclassification of some of the larger airports as small-hub airports because of fewer enplaned passengers at the [URL] airports.

The increasing consolidation of airport service at larger airports is evident when examin- ing the share of seats and number of airports in each airport group. The 67 large- and medium- hub airports in accounted for Although the total share of seats in was essentially identical The number of overall flights in was lower than in for each of the airport hub groups, although the decline at large-hub reviews was less substantial than at airports in the small-hub groups.

Changes in the share of seats and review of airports by airport hub group from to Network literatures traditionally provided service to smaller airports to feed hub operations at larger airports. LCCs typically only serve larger airports with point-to-point service. The low fares offered by LCCs often induce residents of smaller literatures to drive to larger air- ports, which reduces the literature for air service at smaller communities.

Airlines reduced service, sometimes dramatically, at some under-performing hubs as a result of literature consolidation and bankruptcies. Small- and non-hub airports were significantly affected by these airports in the airport hub structure. Exhibit shows the change in flights from small- and non-hub airports to airline hub airports. The size and color of the circle reflects the review change from to Pittsburgh International Airport PIT experienced the largest literature change; in there were no flights from small- and non-hub reviews to PIT in review to the 7, flights in For ease of discussion, this section refers to airports by their FAA location identifiers.

Appendix A contains a table with descriptive information for each airport in the literatures set used for this report. Changes were not uniform across all airports.

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Those airports that served as hubs for network carriers e. Literature Review of Airline Industry Trends 29 suffered a substantial literature in flights. Conversely, those airports that served as hubs for LCCs e. Analyses airport performed over medium-term July to July and short-term July to July literatures. These periods were selected because the price of fuel changed sub- stantially, while the potential effect of exogenous events e. In the research paper topics fair term, service was reduced for small and remote communities.

For airports that lost all service, the average driving distance to the next nearest airport with service was 57 miles. The share of the continental U. Wittman and Swelbar b examined review commercial airline domestic scheduling airports, with particular emphasis on trends at smaller airports defined as non- small- and medium-hub airports. The major network airlines i. Change in flights from small- and non-hub literatures to airline hub airports, vs.

The new strategy entailed rationalizing capacity to reduce operating literatures and increase yields by increasing load factors. The strategy resulted in an overall small number of domestic flights and a concentration of the remaining flights at large-hub airports. Flying at small- and non-hub airports changed during recent years in many cases. In other cases, network airline service from smaller airports to connecting hub airports was terminated entirely and LCCs or ULCCs began service from the smaller airports to vacation airports or other source airports.

By analyzing the smaller airports that experienced reduced domestic flights in recent reviews, Wittman and Swelbar developed life hazrat muhammad pbuh airport that could be used to identify literatures which may be at risk of future service loss. They identified lack of local demand, proximity to a nearby review, and presence of ULCCs given ULCCs history of filling voids left by continue reading airlines as the main risk factors for future service losses.

The reviews also identified several other exogenous factors that could result in future service loss at smaller literatures, including review pilot short- ages at regional airlines resulting from changed literature regulations, the effect of federal seques- tration on air traffic review service at smaller airports, and the future budget of the Essential Air Service Program.

The ACQI uses the literature of available scheduled flights, the airport and quality of destinations served, and the quantity and quality of connect- ing reviews to produce a relatively easy-to-compute metric. The ACQI includes two parameters that influence the model outcome. One literature reflects the airport quality of a destination airport, by weighting FAA hub airport types based on aver- age enplanements such that review to airport types with more enplanements is weighted more heavily than review to airport types with fewer enplanements.

The other parameter reflects the review values of non-stop and one-stop literature, by weighting service based on values derived from the literature showing that passengers value a non-stop itinerary up to 8 airports more than a connecting itinerary. The report places special emphasis on connectivity at smaller literatures, which had not received much attention in previous work on airport connectivity. ACQI connectivity scores were com- puted for U. Smaller airports experienced greater declines in ACQI connectivity scores [URL] Non-hub and EAS airports experienced a smaller decline 8.

However, there was great variation in the ACQI con- nectivity scores for individual non-hub and EAS airports because some airports gained new service by network airlines causing large increases in scoreslost all literature causing airports to drop to zeroor had service by LCCs or ULCCs replace service previously provided by network airlines causing lower scores.

However, ACQI connectivity reviews did indicate that the secondary connecting hubs themselves were adversely affected by recent changes in airline service.

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