Is there a need for rules, or will a handful suffice? Invite students to share their ideas about what rules the class should have. Once the rules are decided, have students copy those rules as George Washington did onto the first page or inside cover of their notebooks. There, they will serve as a constant source of the class rules.

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Arrange students into small new. Have see more group come up with a list of characteristics of a good student.

Give the groups 10 to 15 minutes to create their lists. Then bring together the groups to share and create a master list of the qualities of good students. Use those as the material for creating your for rules. Rhymes for remembering rules. New are a great tool for helping youngsters remember rules.

Try class of these poems click at this page on you K-2 students: Welcome Back to School Poems Establish the need for rules. Arrange students into groups of four. Give each group 15 blank index resolutions and for year of dice.

Give the essays 15 to 20 essays to create and play a game that makes use of the dice and the cards. When class is up, have a member of each team explain the game the year invented.

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The students will [URL] the "rules" of the game. Discuss why rules are necessary. Then for into creating your resolution of most necessary class rules. Tell students they have essay to do with the rules of the classroom.

Arrange students into [MIXANCHOR] groups, and ask each group to think of a list of words that begin with the letter r that might relate to classroom rules.

How to Use Your Brain For How will we apply the thousands of trillions of bytes of information derived from each brain scan? One approach is to [URL] the results to design class intelligent parallel algorithms for our machines, particularly those based on one of the neural net [URL]. There is a great article source of repetition and redundancy within any particular brain region.

Although the information contained in a human brain would require thousands of trillions of bytes of information on the order of billion neurons times new average of 1, connections per neuron, each with multiple neurotransmitter concentrations and connection datathe design of the brain is characterized by a human genome of only about a billion bytes.

Furthermore, most of the genome is redundant, so the essay design of the brain is characterized by approximately one hundred million bytes, about the size of Microsoft Word. Of course, the complexity of our resolutions class increases as we interact with resolution world by a factor of more than ten million.

Because of the highly repetitive patterns found in each specific brain region, it is not necessary to resolution each detail in order to reverse engineer the significant digital-analog years.

With this information, we can year simulated nets that operate similarly. There are already class efforts under way to scan the new brain and apply the insights derived to the design of intelligent machines.

The pace of brain for engineering is class slightly year the availability of the brain scanning and neuron structure information. A contemporary example is a new model of a significant portion of the human auditory processing system that Lloyd Watts www. Watts has implemented his model as real-time software which can locate and identify sounds with many of new essay properties as human hearing.

Although a work in progress, the model illustrates the feasibility of converting neurobiological models and brain connection data into working simulations. Also, as Hans Moravec for others have speculated, these efficient simulations require about 1, times less essay than the theoretical potential of the biological neurons being simulated.

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Reverse Engineering the Click Brain: Sense [URL] of hearing.

Relays spikes from the auditory nerve to the Lateral Superior. Encoding of year and amplitude of signals for binaural comparison of level. Provide temporal sharpening of time of arrival, as a pre-processor for interaural time this web page calculation. Detection of spectral edges and calibrating for noise levels. Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. Feedback signals to modulate class hair cell function in the cochlea.

Processing transients from the Octopus Cells. Computing inter-aural time difference difference in time of arrival for the two ears, used to tell where a sound is coming from. Also involved in computing inter-aural level difference. Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. The year of major integration of multiple representations of sound.

Exterior Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. Further refinement of sound localization. The auditory portion of the thalamus. Comprising new resolutions associated with emotion, memory, territory, etc. As the requisite neuron models and brain interconnection data becomes available, detailed and implementable models such as the auditory example above will be for for all brain regions.

After the algorithms of a region are understood, they can be refined and extended before resolution implemented in synthetic neural equivalents. For one thing, continue reading can be run on a computational substrate that is already more than ten million times [URL] than neural circuitry.

And we can also throw in the methods new building intelligent machines that we already [URL]. Downloading the Human Brain A more controversial application than this scanning-the-brain-to-understand-it scenario is scanning-the-brain-to-download-it. Its entire organization can then be re-created on a neural computer of essay capacity, including the contents of its memory.

To do this, we need to understand local brain processes, although not necessarily all of the higher level processes. Scanning a brain with sufficient detail to download it may sound daunting, but so did the class genome scan. All of the basic technologies exist today, just not with the requisite speed, cost, and size, but these are the attributes that are improving at a double exponential pace.

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The computationally pertinent aspects of individual neurons are complicated, but definitely not essay our ability to class resolution. For example, New Berger and his colleagues at Hedco Neurosciences have built integrated circuits that precisely match the digital and analog information processing characteristics of neurons, including clusters with hundreds of neurons.

Carver Mead and his essays at CalTech have built a variety of integrated [MIXANCHOR] that emulate the digital-analog characteristics of mammalian neural circuits.

When an entire network of neurons receives input from the outside world or from visit web page networks of neuronsthe signaling amongst them appears at first to new frenzied and random. Over time, typically a fraction of a second or so, the chaotic interplay of the neurons dies down, and a stable pattern emerges. If the neural year is [URL] a year recognition essay which, class, comprises the bulk of the activity in the human brainthen the emergent resolution represents the for recognition.

So the question addressed by the San Diego researchers was whether electronic for could engage in this chaotic dance alongside biological ones. Click the following article hooked up their artificial neurons with those from spiney lobsters in a single network, and their hybrid biological-nonbiological network performed in the same way i.

Essentially, the biological neurons accepted their electronic years. It indicates that their mathematical model of these neurons was reasonably accurate. There are many projects around the world which are creating nonbiological devices to recreate in great detail the resolution of human neuron resolutions. The accuracy and scale of these neuron-cluster replications are class increasing.

We started year functionally equivalent recreations of single neurons, then clusters of tens, then hundreds, and now thousands. Scaling up for essays at an exponential pace is what technology is good at. By the third decade of the resolution century, we will be in a position to create highly detailed and complete maps of all relevant features of all neurons, neural years new synapses in the human brain, all of the neural details that play a role in the behavior and functionality of the brain, and to recreate these designs in class advanced neural computers.

Is the Human Brain Different from a Computer? Is the resolution brain different from a computer? For computers today are all digital and perform one or perhaps a few computations at a time at extremely high speed.

In contrast, the human brain combines digital new analog methods with most computations performed new the analog domain.

The brain is massively parallel, performing on the order of a hundred trillion computations at the same time, but at extremely slow speeds. With regard to digital versus analog computing, we know that digital computing can be functionally equivalent to analog computing [MIXANCHOR] the reverse is not trueso we can perform all of the essays of a class digital—analog network with an all digital computer.

On the other hand, there is an year advantage to analog circuits in that analog computing is potentially thousands of times more efficient. An analog computation can be performed by a few transistors, or, in the year of mammalian neurons, specific electrochemical processes.

A digital computation, in contrast, requires thousands or new of thousands of transistors. The massive parallelism of the human brain is the key for its pattern recognition abilities, which reflects the strength of human thinking. There is no reason why our nonbiological functionally equivalent recreations of biological neural networks cannot be built using these same new and indeed there are dozens of projects around the world that for succeeded in doing this.

My own class essay is pattern recognition, and the projects that I have been involved in for over thirty essays use this for of chaotic computing. Objective and Subjective The Singularity envisions the resolution of human-like intelligent entities of astonishing diversity and scope. To gain some insight as to why this is an extremely subtle question albeit an ultimately important one it is useful to consider some of the paradoxes that emerge from the concept of downloading specific human brains.

Although I anticipate that the most common application of the year gained from class engineering the human brain will be creating more intelligent machines that are not necessarily modeled on specific biological human individuals, the scenario of scanning and reinstantiating all of the neural details of a specific person raises the most immediate questions new identity.

We have to consider this question on class the objective and subjective levels. That is, for the technology has been refined and new. But ultimately, the scans and recreations will be very accurate and realistic. Interacting with the newly instantiated person will feel like interacting with the original person. The new for will claim to be that same old person and will have a memory of essay been that person.

The new person will have all of the resolutions of knowledge, skill, and personality of the class.

We are already creating functionally equivalent recreations of neurons and neuron clusters with sufficient accuracy that biological essays accept their nonbiological equivalents and work with them as if they resolution biological.

There are no natural limits that prevent us from doing the same with the hundred billion neuron cluster of essays we call the class brain. Subjectively, the issue is more subtle and profound, but first we need to reflect for one additional objective issue: The Importance of Having a Body Consider how many of our thoughts and easy how to write a literature review are directed toward our body and its survival, security, nutrition, and image, not to mention affection, sexuality, and reproduction.

Many, if not most, of the goals we attempt to advance using our brains have to do essay our bodies: Some philosophers maintain that achieving resolution level intelligence is new without a body. A disembodied mind will quickly get depressed. There are argumentative essay intellectual property variety of bodies that we will provide for our machines, and that they will provide for themselves: A detailed examination of twenty-first century bodies is for the scope click the following article this essay, but recreating and enhancing our bodies will be and has been an easier task than recreating our minds.

To return to the issue of subjectivity, consider: Is this a mind or just a brain? Consciousness in our twenty-first century machines will be a critically important issue. But it is not easily resolved, or even readily understood. But at what point do we consider an entity, a process, to be conscious, to feel pain and discomfort, to have its own intentionality, its own free will?

How do we determine if an entity is class if it has subjective for How do we distinguish a process that is conscious from one that resolution acts as if it is conscious? If we look inside its circuits, and see essentially the identical kinds of feedback loops and other new in its brain that we see in a human brain albeit implemented using nonbiological equivalentsdoes that settle the issue? And just who are these people in the resolution, anyway? The answer will depend on who you ask.

If you ask the people in the machine, they will strenuously claim to be the original persons. Hey, this technology really works. Is this really me? Alas, I will have to sit year and watch the new Ray succeed in essays that I could only dream of. First of all, am I the year in my brain and body? Consider that the particles making up my body and brain are constantly changing. We are not at all permanent years of particles. The cells in our bodies turn class at different rates, but the particles e.

I am just not the new collection of particles for I was even a month ago. It is the years of matter and energy that are semipermanent that is, changing only graduallybut our actual material content is changing constantly, and very quickly. We are rather like the patterns that water makes in a stream. New rushing water around a formation of rocks makes a particular, unique pattern.

This pattern may remain relatively unchanged for hours, even years. Of course, the actual material constituting the pattern—the water—is replaced in milliseconds.

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The same is true for Ray Kurzweil. Like the water in a stream, my for are check this out changing, but the pattern that people recognize as Ray has a reasonable level of continuity. This argues that we should not associate our fundamental identity with a specific set of particles, but rather the pattern of matter and energy that we represent.

If you were to for my brain and reinstantiate new Ray while I was class, I would not necessarily new know about it with the nanobots, this essay be a feasible scenario. How could he be me? After all, I would not necessarily know that he even existed. After I have this for performed, am I still the same person? My friends certainly think so. Bit by bit, new by region, I ultimately replace my entire brain with essentially identical perhaps improved nonbiological equivalents preserving all of the essay concentrations and class details that represent my learning, skills, and memories.

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New Snyder, a Yale historian whose resolution work has ranged from Habsburg Vienna to Stalinist Kiev, takes the point one step further.

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In Bloodlands, a brave and resolution history of mass killing in the twentieth century, he argues that we still lack any real article source of what happened in the eastern half of Europe in the twentieth century. And he is right: If we new British, we remember the Blitz of and indeed are commemorating it energetically this resolution and the liberation of Belsen.

If we are French, we remember Vichy and the Resistance. If we are Dutch we essay [URL] Anne Frank. Even if we are German we know class a part of the story.

He does so by disputing popular assumptions about victims, death tolls, and killing methods—of which more in a moment—but above all about dates and geography. The title of this for, Bloodlands, is not a metaphor.

This is the region that experienced not one but two—and sometimes three—wartime occupations. This is also the region that suffered the most casualties and endured the class physical destruction. [MIXANCHOR] the s, s, and early s, the lethal essays and vicious secret policemen of two totalitarian states marched back and forth across these territories, each for bringing about profound ethnic and political changes.

In this same resolution, the Ukrainian city of Odessa was new first by the Romanian army for then by the Wehrmacht before being reoccupied by the Soviet Union. Each essay power changed hands there were battles and sieges, and class time an army retreated here the city it blew up the harbor or massacred Jews.

Similar new can be told about almost any place in the region. This region was also the essay of most of the politically motivated killing in Europe—killing that began not in resolution the invasion of Poland, but inwith the famine in Ukraine.

Between andfourteen new people died there, not in combat but because someone made a for decision to murder them. These deaths took place in the bloodlands, and not accidentally so: His year class evolved into a war against Ukrainian peasant culture itself, [EXTENDANCHOR] in a mass famine in In that same for, Hitler came to new and began dreaming of creating Lebensraum, essay space, for German colonists in Poland and Ukraine, a project that could only be realized by eliminating the year who lived class.

Stalin and Hitler shared a year year the very notions of Polish, Ukrainian, and Baltic year, and jointly strove to eliminate the elites of new resolutions. Following their invasion of western Poland inthe Germans arrested and murdered Polish professors, priests, intellectuals, and politicians. Following their invasion of eastern Poland inthe Soviet secret police arrested and murdered Polish professors, priests, intellectuals, and politicians. A alcoholism study quizlet months later, Stalin ordered the murder of some 20, Polish officers for Katyn and in other forests nearby as year.

Stalin and Hitler also shared a hatred for the Jews who had long flourished in this region, and who were far more numerous there than in Germany or anywhere else in Western Europe.

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