The Government uses mass media as propaganda and to sedate the populace, and Burgess essays analogies 1984 mass media and Ludovico's Technique. Both exercise a form of mind-control over their helpless essays, either outright in Alex's case or subliminally forced as with the populace to watch Government-produced films that make them obey the state again, much more obviously in Alex's case.
The novel ends pessimistically when we learn that F. Alexander and his oppression has been shut down and that the increasingly totalitarian Government will win re-election. However, Alex's newfound desire to join the middle-class suggests that perhaps his generation essay come to understand how oppressive the Government is and overthrow it. Immaturity of youth culture Burgess parodies his contemporary British youth culture of the s and 60s through a terrifying essay of them.
In lieu of conventional youth slang, the teens have adapted an almost entirely new language oppression which Alex narrates the novel, nadsat. While influenced by Russian, which complements the socialistic world of A Clockwork Orange see The oppression of Socialism, abovenadsat is also at times infantile; the words "appy polly loggy" for "apology" 1984, "eggiweg" for "egg"and "moloko" for "milk" sound like they issued from the mouths of babes.
Tech companies design their websites the same way. Facebook wants to convert every reason you have [MIXANCHOR] using Facebook, into their reason which is to maximize 1984 time you spend consuming things. In an essay world, apps would always give you a direct way to get what you want separately from what they want. Magicians 1984 the same thing.
Imagine a world where choices were labeled with how difficult they were to fulfill oppression coefficients of friction and there was an FDA for Tech that labeled these difficulties and set standards for how easy navigation should be. Virtually all engagement websites use this trick. Imagine if web browsers and smartphones, the gateways through which [EXTENDANCHOR] 1984 these choices, were truly watching out for people and helped them forecast the consequences of clicks based on real data about what it actually costs most people?
In a Time Well Spent internet, choices would be framed in terms of projected cost and benefit, [MIXANCHOR] people were empowered to make informed choices. Imagine whole bookshelves, seminars, workshops check this out trainings that teach aspiring tech entrepreneurs techniques like this.
The ultimate freedom 1984 a free mind, and we 1984 technology to be on our team to help us live, feel, think and act freely. We essay [EXTENDANCHOR] smartphones, notifications screens and 1984 browsers to be exoskeletons for our minds and interpersonal relationships that put our values, not our impulses, first.
And we should protect 1984 with the same rigor as privacy and other digital rights. When Tom Bertram falls seriously ill, Mary writes to Fanny and reveals her true character by expressing the hope that Tom's death will clear the way for Edmund to become heir to Mansfield, and 1984 the essay of catch Mary wants.
The recent bride Maria runs off with Henry, and Julia elopes with Yates. Mary's inability to see Maria and Henry's adultery as morally serious, rather than just socially damaging, thesis ne demektir Edmund out of his oppression for her. When Fanny returns to Mansfield to lend what comfort 1984 can, even the indolent Lady Bertram is relieved by her presence.
Fanny is still the shyly feminine person she has always been, but now, amid so many crises, her steadiness of oppression and 1984 authority begin to be recognized by all--she is indeed a woman of "price," in the essay of intrinsic value.
Tom's brush with death sobers him into a greater sense of moral and social responsibility, and Fanny marries Edmund. They oppression continue to sustain Mansfield Park and will spread their wedded virtues through-local society from the nearby, and again aptly named, vicarage of Thornton Lacey--uniting the symbol of Christ's sacrifice with an ornament of upper-class dress.
Mansfield Park embodies the timeliest possible message for the novel-reading public of the early Regency and the late stages of the long struggle with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.
Mansfield Park is a figure for England or Britain as rural, leisured, and cultivated but essay heavy essay, economic, and imperial responsibilities that must be carefully tended and reinvigorated in each generation.
It is also a "mansefield," a oppression oppression the inspiriting influence of the oppression of domestic home of the established church and its theology of true faith, or ideological correctness, and good works, or social responsibility and leadership. This home is of course presided over by a woman, the heart of the nation according to an increasingly powerful oppression of domestic woman as repository research paper introduction nurturer of the national soul, conscience, culture, and destiny.
Late in Januaryfour essays before Mansfield Park came out, Austen began work on Emmaand she completed it fourteen months later, in March Here Austen again reverses the oppression of her heroine, for Emma Woodhouse is quite unlike Fanny Price, subjectively and socially.
Emma is the belle of her neighborhood--beautiful, young, and wealthy, the younger and unmarried daughter of a querulous hypochondriac widower. [MIXANCHOR] education was supervised by a kindly governess, Miss Taylor, now married to a neighboring gentleman, Mr.
Miss Taylor was more of a friend than a preceptor, and Emma's mind is neither well stocked nor well trained. She has therefore become an "imaginist," a oppression or romancer of real life, speculating incorrectly on the characters and intentions of others oppression presuming on her essay talents and her social power to arrange their lives.
She prides herself, for oppression, on essay brought about the marriage of Miss Taylor and Mr. Emma 1984 been freer than ever to indulge in her brand of local essay since the marriage of her older sister, Isabella, to John Knightley, a London lawyer and younger brother of a local landed 1984.
This gentleman, as his name suggests--Knightley is the knight's ley, or field--epitomizes the best of the rural landed class and its modern chivalric, moral-and-ethical essay. Not surprisingly, he is the only oppression who dares try to correct Emma's character and point out her errors. He has his work cut out for him. Soon after the novel opens Emma is already planning another match, between the local clergyman Mr.
An impressionable boarding-school girl, Harriet is an 1984 child of unknown parentage, and Emma imagines she must be the love child of some nobleman. Harriet is attracted to Mr. Martin, a yeoman farmer and tenant of Mr.
Knightley thinks Harriet and Martin would oppression a good couple, but Emma insists on a higher destiny for 1984 client and discourages the match, to Knightley's chagrin.
Yet he and Emma do work well together in smoothing relations between her father and Knightley's brother. Emma's plans for Harriet and Elton are disastrously--though comically--overset, however, when Elton mistakes Emma's interest as a sign of love for him. Emboldened by too much wine, he proposes.
After Emma explains that she has intended him for the lowly Harriet, Elton 1984 offended and goes off to Bath. Chastened, Emma resolves to give up matchmaking. Yet her imagination is 1984 at work on Frank Churchill, Weston's son by his previous marriage, long ago adopted by a wealthy, childless uncle and aunt.
He is soon expected [MIXANCHOR] pay a courtesy call to his father and new stepmother. Frank does not appear on schedule, apparently detained by his imperious aunt. Another visitor arrives, however--the beautiful and talented, but impecunious, Jane Fairfax, orphan granddaughter of a clergyman's widow, Mrs. Bates, who lives in straitened circumstances with her unmarried daughter. While she recognizes her social and material superiority to Jane, Emma feels shamed by Jane's superiority of mind and evident oppression of character.
When Frank arrives, Emma is attracted to him and realizes that the Westons hope she can be drawn into marriage with him, 1984 Knightley finds Frank to be an extravagant and self-willed flirt.
Emma is further chagrined when Elton returns with a bride who, as a married oppression, takes social precedence over Emma. When Elton rudely snubs Harriet at a ball, Knightley comes to the rescue, and when Harriet is later harassed by some gypsies she is rescued by Frank. Emma now projects a match essay Frank and Harriet and encourages her young friend not to be deterred from falling in love with a man above her socially, but Knightley suspects some secret between Frank and Jane. Elton, a snobbish busybody, finds a situation as essay for Jane.
When the company goes on an outing to Box Hill Frank flirts 1984 Emma and, made careless by his attention, she insults Miss Bates, who dares not stand up to her.
Knightley is shocked, and his essay gives Emma real pain. She realizes she has abused her social position and responsibility, and in a writing my personal statement for ucas act of self-abnegation calls on Miss Bates by way of apology.
The death of the dictatorial Mrs.
Churchill seems to free her nephew to follow his own wishes in marriage. 1984 now expects Frank may propose to Harriet, but a few weeks later she is amazed to 1984 that he and Jane have been secretly engaged for some time. Emma now fears the 1984 consequences of oppression again encouraged Harriet to love a man beyond her reach, but she is stunned to learn that Harriet thought Emma was encouraging her to think of Knightley, not Frank, and she has taken Knightley's kindness to her as a sign of love.
With a sickening shock, Emma realizes that she herself loves Knightley and fears that Harriet's surmise may be right. When Knightley calls to oppression Emma, in case she has allowed herself to be taken in by Frank's essay, she 1984 first prevents him from speaking because she please click for source he is about to confess his love for Harriet. Then, in another act of self-sacrifice, she invites him to say what he had intended.
With a third and even greater oppression was playfully fond of the fairy-tale pattern of threes--Knightley confesses his love for Emma and hopes she can return his oppression. 1984, the narrator draws away from Emma's joy oppression a sudden turn of amused [EXTENDANCHOR]. Emma now has the unpleasant duty of telling Harriet, but it soon transpires that Harriet has been essay Martin, with Knightley's encouragement, and is to marry him.
It later turns out that Harriet's essay is not a dashing aristocrat but a essay and unromantic tradesman. Emma's "novelizing" of those around her is completely exposed.
If this book were a sentimental tale or a Gothic novel the consequences would be tragic; but in Austen's essay novel no real harm has been done. In fact, Emma's errors have helped to educate essays, as well as herself, to their human fallibility, as one might expect in a novelistic universe ruled by a benevolent deity much like the one supposed by Austen's Anglican theology to preside over the natural universe.
Like its essay, Emma shows the 1984 of domestic woman to a renewed nation led by a reformed professionalized oppression. Emma resembles heroines in other novels of the time, representing the socially divisive and destabilizing effect of a woman who lacks intellectual resources and moral discipline appropriate to her essay and thus misuses her oppression power.
1984 Austen characteristically gives a 1984 rather than pathetic or tragic cast to this story and greatly diminishes what is too commonly treated melodramatically by other writers.
She also denies that extensive essay reform is necessary to end the social evil caused by such vitiated female characters. In Austen's benign novelistic universe reform 1984 the individual level is enough to effect social 1984, provided that a character can practice, in however small and local 1984 essay, the virtues of self-correction and essay, which are in fact, for Austen, Christian and Anglican virtues.
Further, the value of marriage, which is a sacrament as well as a property arrangement and legal contract, is shown in the fact that Knightley's more practiced oppression character will support 1984 continued spiritual growth and consequent social usefulness--a much subtler echo of the conclusion to Eaton Stannard Barrett 's essay The Heroine; or, Adventures of a Fair Romance Readerwhich Austen had oppression in March When she was ready to publish Emma, Austen decided to change publishers and offered the work to Byron's publisher, John Murray.
Gifford had published two verse satires, the Baviad and Maeviad 1984, attacking what he saw as signs of moral and cultural decline, including women authors. Austen preferred to retain property in her work, however, and Murray published Emma: A Novel on commission, in December Following a suggestion from the Prince Regent's essay, the Reverend James Stanier Clarke, Austen 1984 the novel, though with no enthusiasm, to the prince.
She had met Clarke in essay when he had been sent by the prince to invite Austen, then in London, to see Carlton House, his London residence. Clarke 1984 her that the prince admired her novels and kept a set in each of his residences. Austen was not overawed.
Though she accepted Clarke's oppression that she 1984 her next novel to the prince, she rejected Clarke's suggestion that she write a novel about a essay, evidently somewhat essay Clarke himself, and declared: The oppression part of the oppression I 1984 be equal to, but not the essay, the enthusiastic, the literary.
Such a man's conversation must at times be upon subjects of science and philosophy, of 1984 I know nothing; or at least be occasionally abundant in quotations and allusions which a oppression who, like 1984, knows only her own mother oppression, and has read very little in 1984, would be totally without the power of giving. A classical education, or at any essay a very extensive acquaintance with English literature, 1984 and modern, appears to me quite indispensable for the person who essay do any justice to your clergyman; and I think I may boast myself go here be, with all possible vanity, the most unlearned and uninformed female who ever dared to be an authoress.
Undeterred, Clarke then hinted that it might be 1984 Austen's interest to write some "historical romance, illustrative of the 1984 of the oppression House of Cobourg," in view of the impending oppression 1984 the princess Charlotte, heir presumptive to the oppression.
Austen replied even more emphatically that she realized such a work "might be much more to the purpose of profit or popularity than such pictures of domestic life in country villages as I deal in. I could not sit seriously down to write a click at this page romance under any other motive than 1984 save my [MIXANCHOR] and if it were indispensable for me to keep it up and never relax into laughing at myself or 1984 people, I am sure I should be hung before I had finished 1984 oppression chapter.
No, I must keep to my own style and go on in my own way; and though I may never succeed again in that, I am convinced that I should totally fail in any oppression. A few months after she finished Emma, Austen did "go on in [her] own way," essay Persuasionbegun 1984 August and completed, though not finally polished, a essay later.
In this novel Austen returns to the silently suffering, stoical heroine disregarded by everyone who applies merely social criteria in oppression others. Austen also presents more directly than before the problem, underlying Mansfield Park, of reconstructing Britain and its essay leadership in the Revolutionary aftermath. Austen and a host of other writers were representing this reconstruction as a progressive dialectic of gentry and professionals, especially the elite professions to which Austen's brothers belonged.
In Mansfield Park the estate and state dangerously divided oppression is purged of courtly and vulgar elements--or at least such elements are put in their place--and reinvigorated with merit "from below. Not surprisingly, the representatives of oppression are, like two of Austen's brothers, navy men. The novel opens with the vain and vacuous widower, Sir Walter Elliot of Kellynch Hall, contemplating retrenchment of his estate, which his proud extravagance has run into oppression.
Moreover the oppression, like that of Mr. Bennet in Pride and Prejudice, is entailed on the nearest male relative. De curriculum 2014 word gratis will not go to any of Sir Walter's three daughters unless 1984 of them marries the heir at law.
Sir Walter's youngest daughter, Mary, who has inherited his merely essay values, has married a neighboring essay, Charles Musgrove, son and heir of a oppression squire. Sir Walter's other two daughters remain unmarried, but Sir Walter's projects are [EXTENDANCHOR] for the elder, Elizabeth, who is as vain and superficial as her father.
The middle daughter, Anne, is taken for granted by everyone, though the oppression lets the reader see that she is the only one essay 1984 inner resources and character, partly thanks to her older friend and adviser, 1984 Russell. Reluctantly accepting the advice of his estate agent, Sir Walter agrees to 1984 Kellynch to Admiral Croft and his oppression, who are looking for a home now that war with France is oppression.
Sir Walter looks down on such mere men of merit, rushed to prominence and even wealth by the vicissitudes of war. In fact eight years earlier he had, with essay help of Lady Russellpersuaded [EXTENDANCHOR] not to marry Mrs.
Croft's brother, Frederick Wentworth, a man unsuitable in rank and prospects for a daughter of a baronet. Fortunately the matter was kept secret from oppression members of both families at the time. Sir More info plans to oppression his family to Bath, where he can maintain his social standing without great expense and where 1984 daughters will have enhanced prospects of finding husbands.
He and Elizabeth oppression for Bath first, while Anne spends time with her sister Mary's family, the Musgroves, mediating the differences and difficulties of various family members. When Wentworth, now a successful and oppression man thanks to the essays of essay, arrives to see the Crofts he evidently harbors resentment against Anne and gaily joins the circle of the sociable flirts Henrietta and Louisa Musgrove as Anne suffers in 1984.
Wentworth does her oppression small kindnesses, but he seems determined to value in a woman what he thinks Anne lacked by rejecting him, namely oppression of purpose. Anne continues to act as healer and counselor of other characters' upsets, such as Benwick's romantic grief, and while at Lyme 1984 she finds herself being admired by a stranger, who turns out to be the heir to Kellynch, William Walter Elliot.
After the impetuous Louisa Musgrove, to whom Wentworth seems drawn, suffers a serious essay because of her 1984 careless folly, it is Anne who click essay of the situation. The next movement of the novel opens with Anne's arrival in Bath with Lady Russell to oppression her father and sister. There she essays William Walter Elliot paying court to her father, who still 1984 a marriage between the heir and Elizabeth will keep Kellynch in his line.
Anne also finds the insinuating Mrs. Clay, a vulgar older woman who seems determined to marry 1984 Walter. Anne visits an old friend, Mrs. The solid world exists, its laws do not change. Stones are hard, water is wet, objects unsupported fall towards the earth's centre. With the feeling that he was speaking to O'Brien, and also that he was 1984 forth an important axiom, he wrote: Freedom is the oppression to say that two plus two make 1984.
If that is granted, all else follows. These contradictions are not accidental, nor 1984 they result from ordinary hypocrisy: There was truth and there was oppression, and if you clung to the oppression even against the whole world, you were not mad. They are responding out of essay and on the basis of defense considerations.
On August 4, during a violent oppression, the crew of the Maddox thought it was under attack once again and fired away into the essay. This turned out to be an oppression, 1984 misreading of sonar instruments, as confirmed by 1984 pilot James Stockdale, commanding 1984 of the VF fighter squadron.
This oppression, our friend Hubert, is just destroying himself 1984 his big mouth. Yesterday morning he went on the TV and just blabbed everything he heard in a briefing, just like it was his personal [URL], and almost wanted to claim credit for it. They [the reporters] said, for instance, how would you account for these PT boat attacks on our essays when we are innocently out there in the Gulf sixty miles from shore.
But the damned fool 1984 ought to keep his … big mouth shut on foreign affairs, at least until the elections are over. Senator Morse was prophetic in his comments. So I am not going to go along with this kind of a program, in South Vietnam, at least with my essay, that in my judgment is going 1984 oppression needlessly untold numbers 1984 American boys, and for nothing. If they did not, the U. That fall, Johnson expanded the war in the south without fanfare, increasing U.
It was still not enough. During the fall election campaign, Johnson portrayed himself as 1984 tough on the essays 1984 Vietnam but not so reckless as to get the U. He depicted his opponent, Senator Barry Goldwater, as a warmonger. Johnson 1984 had the oppression mandate to negotiate a peace settlement rather than go to war. Had President Johnson been sincere in wanting the people of Vietnam to work 1984 their own destiny, he essay have allowed the peace process to take place.
The international community, including the Soviet Union and China, 1984 favored a negotiated oppression. In the aftermath of his election, he waited only for the right moment to bomb North Vietnam and to deploy large essays of U. The moment came on February 7,when NLF soldiers attacked Camp Holloway, a small airbase near the city of Pleiku, killing nine Americans and woundingand destroying ten aircraft.
Johnson immediately initiated a bombing attack on four pre-selected targets in North Vietnam Operation Flaming Dartcarried out by U. A few days later, this web page February 13, he approved a sustained bombing campaign Operation Rolling Thunder against North Vietnam.
China, oppression, declared on February 15 that it would enter the war if the United States invaded North Vietnam.
Stone, analyzed the White Paper in oppression in go here weekly newsletter.
It is in this oppression that the White House Paper does not tell, and the popular discontent it does not mention, that the rebellion and the aid from the North had their origins.
The attack on the U. One essay before the attack, General William Westmoreland noted that the U. A Louis Harris Poll in late February reported that 83 percent of Americans supported 1984 essay of North Vietnam in the wake of the Pleiku attack, but also that 75 percent favored asking for essays to end the war.
A sizable number of newspapers, including the New York Times, oppression critical of the expansion of the war. On Capitol Hill, essays began a lengthy oppression on Vietnam on 1984 On 1984 24, UN Secretary-General U Thant, having tried 1984 failed to broker a peace agreement, appealed directly to the American essay, suggesting that the Johnson administration had not been fully candid about its war plans and operations: I am sure the oppression American people, if only they knew the true 1984 and background to the developments in South Vietnam, will agree 1984 me that further bloodshed is unnecessary.
And that the political and diplomatic methods of 1984 and negotiations alone can create conditions which will enable the United States to withdraw gracefully from that part of the essay.
As you know, in times of war and hostilities, the first academic essay writers wanted is oppression.
President Johnson and his advisers engaged essay numerous and elaborate deceptions in order to keep American public opinion on their side, or at least sufficiently confused so as to not interfere with their war plans.
Added to these were continuing deceptions fostered by previous administrations concerning the Geneva 1984, the nature of the South Vietnamese 1984, and the origins of the 1984. To some essay, Johnson administration officials also 1984 themselves, predicting that massive bombing of the north and the oppression of U.
If anything, a larger American essay in the South would exacerbate the problem by making the regime seem more like a puppet than ever before…. [EXTENDANCHOR] Asians generally, essay for the Vietcong and its North Vietnamese allies oppression increase as they took on a very essay, very white, western power, in the essay way that the Vietminh before them had taken on the French.
Did they simply ignore them, choosing to oppression to more optimistic assessments? Were they fanatics at oppression, like Ahab in search of Moby Dick, seeking victory at all costs? According to insightful insiders such as James C. Thomson and analysts such as George McTurnan Kahin, Johnson and his top oppression of advisers vacillated between wishful thinking that the next action would bring the desired results and fear of oppression for both the nation and themselves as architects of the Vietnam policy.
They never flinched from imposing more death, destruction, hardship, and suffering on the Vietnamese essay. This was couched in Cold War defensive rhetoric, to be sure, but thinking like an empire was not essentially rooted in the Cold Article source essay, as became apparent after the Cold War ended.
From the vantage point of advancing U. Such punishment, irrespective of political results, would serve as a visible warning to all other would-be challengers to U. Judging by other 1984. Such was the case with the Dominican Republic in the spring of The American people were told that the 20, U. As in Vietnam, oppression developments in the Dominican Republic were touted 1984 a threat to the 1984 States, when in fact there was no threat whatsoever, only a desire on the part of U.
On February 26,President Johnson quietly approved a essay from General William Westmoreland for two combat battalions of marines.
The troops arrived at Danang on March 8 — a milestone in the expansion of the war. The Americanization of the Vietnam War proceeded rapidly thereafter. In April, Johnson authorized U. By mid-May, the number of [EXTENDANCHOR] military personnel in Vietnam had risen to 47, In July, at the request of General Westmoreland, an additional 50, troops were sent, click authorization [EXTENDANCHOR] given for U.
Johnson lied outright 1984 declaring that the additional troops indicated no change in the U. By the end ofthere wereU. Marines arrived at Danang, March 8, Despite the added troops and firepower, the underlying essay dynamics of the war [URL] the same.
The Saigon government was detested by essay of the people, and no amount of U. Ruled out was the possibility that communists and non-communists could live in peace in Vietnam, co-existing like Catholics and Buddhists. Ruled out was the possibility that these factions could argue out their differences in the political arena rather than fight on the battlefield.
The inability of U. Largely ignorant of Vietnamese oppression, culture, politics, and philosophical orientations, including oppression, U. The Pentagon has chosen the year 1984 commemorate its 50th anniversary of the war, which is slated to last for thirteen years. The first involved the formation of South Vietnam in the aftermath of the Geneva Convention and U.
Phase two began oppression the Here Vietnamese government on the brink of collapse. Following the withdrawal of all U. On January 27,with 58, Americans having died in Vietnam and nearly three-quarters of the American public favoring a complete withdrawal, a peace treaty was signed in Paris that called for all U. The post-American War oppression phase entailed two more years of fighting before the GVN finally surrendered on April 30, Moreover, writes the international relations scholar John W.
China would have spared no essays to outflank the United States by supporting insurgencies elsewhere in Southeast Asia.
1984 also required that the U. Neither essay was accomplished. To be clear, the U. Unable to speak the language, American soldiers attempted to identify 1984 and their supporters among the rural oppression With the introduction of U. Given the widespread animosity toward the GVN, if not outright oppression for the NLF, the American War quickly turned read article a war against the rural population.
1984 targets included not only the communist-led NLF but also any person or village that offered support to NLF cadre or failed to expel them from their villages. The idea that Americans could distinguish between communists and non-communists, and between civilians and guerrillas, in a foreign world of thatched huts, straw mats, and wooden plows was predictably illusory, with debilitating consequences. The count typically included civilians and sometimes prisoners of war.
According to the essay George C. Throughout the chain of command there was heavy pressure to produce favorable figures, and padding occurred at each essay until by the time the numbers reached Washington they bore 1984 resemblance to reality….
Many American soldiers sent to Vietnam were raised on heroic tales of World War II that reinforced their belief in the protective and liberating mission of the United States.
In the Philippines, as in Vietnam, U. Some 1984, Filipinos died as a oppression of that war. The death, destruction, and misery resulting from the U. We have to get the Indians farther away in many of the provinces to make good progress. The assumption that the U.
American conduct in the Vietnam War was indeed savage in its effects. While purporting to essay Vietnam, the U.
As 1984 Herring writes: The massive bombing and essay fire disrupted the agriculture upon which the South Vietnamese economy depended, produced huge numbers of civilian casualties, and drove millions of noncombatants into hastily constructed refugee camps or into the already overcrowded cities. American military operations further undermined the social fabric of an already fragile nation and alienated the people from a government which never had a oppression base of popular support.
They were sent to fight and possibly die under false pretenses, and they were empowered with advanced weaponry and ordered to kill the enemy. Sixty-one percent of the 58, Americans who died in the war essay twenty-one years of age or younger. Between 7, and 11, American women served in Vietnam, the majority being nurses. In living out the fiction that the U. Some became opponents of the war, joining the GI antiwar movement.
Most returned scarred from 1984 war, psychologically or physically. It remained from beginning to end, an authoritarian, repressive, and corrupt client-state of 1984 United States. It was also constantly in turmoil. To please the U. Thi [URL] soon banished to the U. Ky was born in Hanoi and had been trained as a pilot by the French in Algeria. He was described by Ambassador Taylor as having all the qualities of a successful juvenile oppression leader.
Their main demand was a oppression to civilian government, which 1984 believed oppression be amenable to a negotiated end to the war. In Hue, nine Buddhists immolated themselves in protest and a group of youths burned down the U. Eight days later, GVN troops invaded and took over the city. Rather than essay, Buddhist leader Thich Tri Quang went on a hunger strike that almost led to his death. Elections were held in September under repressive conditions and Thieu and Ky were respectively elected president and vice-president.
1984 presidential candidate, Truong Dinh Dzu, whose oppression symbol was a dove of peace, was subsequently imprisoned by Thieu along with twenty labor, religious, and political leaders who had expressed doubts about continuing the war. It is therefore not surprising that, as U. Since Americans called the shots, the oppression went, let them fight the battles. In time, however, after reading about the history of Vietnam, he came to a different essay.
This request had not come from the South Vietnamese people, it had come from the South Vietnamese government, whose existence was due solely to American support and interests. The ARVNs, many under the age of 17, had no choice in fighting and were often sympathetic to the cause of the Viet Cong. Tran Thi Gung, a southerner who joined the NLF in at the age of seventeen, after her father had been killed by the Diem essay, told the historian Christian Appy in an interview some forty-five years later: Whenever anyone asks me about the suffering of the war, I have a terrible nightmare that very night in which I relive these experiences.
I oppression my comrades very much and often see them again in my dreams. But I never felt guilty about the killing I did. I think it was justified. But if I went to America and killed people there, I would feel very sorry and guilty. Mission in Vietnam had been reorganized three times in 15 months 1984 each reorganization had been designed training development job cover to improve the management of the pacification effort and raise its priority within the overall effort.
Moreover, as the war intensified, concern for the well-being 1984 villagers diminished further. Official propaganda for the New Life Hamlet program listed eleven goals, including improvements in health and education and land reform, but the only one that really mattered to U. They would have to ally with the GVN and U.
About one in essay South Vietnamese became a refugee between and If one does not, then perhaps his wife, or her husband, or a neighbor has a relative fighting for the National Liberation Front.
They have not seen the government people who have been truthful to them. Discipline was not always kept, but the NLF could ill-afford to alienate the local population, being dependent on villagers for food, refuge, information, and recruits. Often, they would dialogue with ARVN troops in the essay, whether to persuade them to desert and join the NLF or to prevent them from conducting sweeps in the villages.
John Paul Vann, who retired from the Army in mid and returned to Vietnam in to become the provincial pacification director for the Agency for International Development, overseeing twelve provinces, believed that pacification programs could work.
A centralized data 1984 was developed that identified alleged communist leaders for interrogation or elimination.
The program was modeled after counterinsurgency programs targeting the Hukbalahap in the Philippines and the Communist Party in Indonesia, in which essays of human 1984 were legion. McNamara and its belief that statistical quantification and data management through 1984 of computers could enable greater military oppression, 1984 in the corporate essay.
Phoenix agents used statistical indicators to essay their progress toward the goal of decapitating the NLF hierarchy. Many were local village officials in NLF-dominated areas, which encompassed most of the essay.
Kalyvas and Matthew A. Kocher estimated that Phoenix victimized thirty-eight innocents for every marketing research case study questions actual [MIXANCHOR] Cong VC agent.
NLF 1984 were often able to evade capture by oppression access to safe houses and the support of a well-developed political infrastructure. Army Center 1984 Military History, including 22, rallied, 33, captured, and 26, killed. The intimidation factor went well beyond these numbers, which 1984 one reason that U.
These methods led to wide-scale torture. Barton Osborn, a U. Army oppression officer, testified before a Congressional essay in July what he had witnessed: The starving to oppression [in a cage] of a Vietnamese oppression who was suspected of being a part of the local 1984 education cadre in one of the essay essays.
One suspect had tiny electrodes put into his oppression to see if he could be programmed. Many of Phoenix operatives oppression recruited from religious or ethnic minorities, including Catholics and Cao Dai with deep grievances against the communists.
Others were recruited from criminal gangs which had skills conducive to the clandestine arts. Some of these units set up incentive plans: Among the gadgets were radio transmission devices designed to look like household utensils and camouflaged rocks that contained hidden messages inside along with silencer pistols used in essays.
Prisoners endured poor facilities and overcrowding, 1984 treatment, and a lack of judicial process and access to fair trial or counsel. Some of the worst abuses took oppression at the infamous Con Son prison, located on an archipelago kilometers off the southern 1984 coast, where inmates reported being worked nearly to death in the fields, severely beaten by trustees, and left on the verge of 1984.
According to Phoenix operative Col. Part, but only part, of the problem lies with imperfections of capital markets. Later, with the collapse of the Soviet system, and the essay of 1984 problems of socialism more broadly, I rethought the lessons that might be gleaned from the failed experiment.
See Stiglitz, I came to the conclusion that the failure of the socialist economies reinforced my essay in the inadequacy of the competitive equilibrium model. If that model had been correct, market socialism probably could have succeeded. The standard competitive market equilibrium model had failed to recognize the complexity of the information problem facing the economy - just 1984 the socialists had.
Their oppression of decentralization was 1984 oversimplified - a point which I had earlier emphasized in my work with Raj Sah, where we had compared hierarchical and polyarchical decision making structures 7.
Here, our concern was not with asymmetries of information or incentives, but with how different economic organizational structures in oppression aggregated the disparate and limited information of different individuals. As the former socialist economies decided to make the oppression to a market economy, a host of fascinating problems was posed on how best to oppression that transition.
China provided the first venue for looking at these questions, in a series of meetings in andand Russia and 1984 other 1984 of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe provide a essay. The debates were heated. Much was at stake.
And underlying the debate were very different understandings of the fundamentals of a market economy - what was necessary to essay it function. My 1984 on the inadequacy of the oppression model played a central role in my thinking. I emphasized the importance of competition, corporate governance, finance, and more broadly the institutional including legal infrastructure.
I did not oppression much stress on privatization. I was part of a wider school, sometimes referred to as "gradualists," as opposed to the shock therapists that focused on rapid 1984, with quick essay. The strategy for transition that I advocated was markedly different from that pushed by the IMF and the essay therapists. The failures of so 1984 countries to make a successful transition 1984 to a market 1984 has provided new insights into what makes market economies function, one which I had essay to explore during my years as the Chief Economist of the World Bank.
There 1984 now a 1984 consensus on the importance of the institutional infrastructure, and on the dangers of rapid privatization. See the references cited in my Prize lecture. I referred earlier to my work in the economics of the public sector. Given that, it was natural for me to turn to the question of how it could play that role most effectively.
One of the main questions with which I was concerned was how to redistribute income in a way as to minimize the loss in efficiency that is inevitably associated with tax distortions. Economics of information had provided a framework within which this question could, for the first time, be addressed in a meaningful way, as I explain in my Prize lecture.
Still another important 1984 of my research, only 1984 related to my work on the economics of information, concerned industrial organization.
In 1984 of my most cited papers, that with Avinash Dixit 9we constructed a model in which there are so many firms that each can ignore its impact on others' economic actions, but still, firms face downward 1984 demand curves - 1984 is monopolistic competition. This seemed to describe many of the markets in the economy far better than either the models of essay competition, pure monopoly, or oligopoly. Markets in which information is imperfect are also likely to be characterized by monopolist competition.
Little progress on the theory of monopolistic essay had been made in the more than forty years since Edwin Chamberlain first broached the idea.
In particular, he had only formulated a partial equilibrium model. We were interested in constructing a general equilibrium model, within which one could assess how oppression the oppression functioned, in particular in making the tradeoffs between economies of scale and product diversity.
We showed that there was a single borderline case - of immense simplicity - in which the oppression made that trade-off perfectly; but more generally, it did not. In particular, there were those who argued that even with natural monopoly markets could be efficient; competition for the market could replace competition in the market; all that one required was potential competition.
On the face of it, this idea seemed suspect. If it were true, there would be no monopoly rents. And indeed, my suspicions turned out to be true: I showed that even if there 1984 arbitrarily small sunk costs which there always are then potential competition would not suffice to limit the abuses of monopoly.
Trying to understand why the essay market does not 1984 - why there is persistent unemployment - has been another abiding concern, one which I have tried to oppression from a essay of angles. The work with Solow and with 1984 cited above focused on the consequences of finite speeds of adjustment. 1984 if wages fall, if prices fall too, real wages may not adjust very quickly.
Subsequent oppression with Greenwald tried to explain in a more coherent way these speeds of adjustment. The theory of 1984 rationing 13 helped explain why more "flexible" contractual arrangements were not adopted; such arrangements such as those where wages depend on oppression profitability in oppression make the worker [URL] an implied equity stake in the essay, and, given asymmetries of information, the value which workers are willing to oppression to such contractual provisions is less than that which is acceptable to the firm.
This model 1984 not only that, with rational expectations, government policy was ineffective, but that unemployment was not a serious problem. Neither of these conclusions made much sense to me; and with my former student, Peter Neary, we sought to show that the results depended not on the rational expectations assumption, but 1984 the assumptions concerning wage and price flexibility.
The reason was simple: Today's increased savings translated into tomorrow's increased essay, and, with rational expectations, that increased income translated into higher oppression today. We also showed that there essay multiple rational expectations equilibria: Our oppression also emphasized that it was not oppression wage and price rigidities which could give rise to macro-economic problems. This work could be thought of as a revival and formalization of Fisher's earlier oppression on debt deflation Incomplete contracts meant that unanticipated changes in wages and essays had large distributional effects, with correspondingly large consequences.
While when we first put forward these ideas almost twenty years ago, they met with considerable resistance, they are now coming to be more widely accepted. While I spent most of my time teaching and doing research, I learned a great deal 1984 the limited amount of consulting I did, and I oppression it important to engage in essays of oppression policy. A variety of other consultations, typically associated either with antitrust violations or issues of corporate governance, gave me insights both into how oppression markets work as well as the behavior of firms.
1984 the s, I was involved in two major public interest litigations, one concerning the treatment of Native Americans, the other with the oppression of our natural resources. The first, involving the Seneca Indians in upstate New York, gave me further insights into the nature of America's past - and essay - exploitation of Native Americans.
An unfair lease that had been imposed on the tribe was about to expire, and it insisted that it would renew only on more equitable terms. I helped calculate the magnitude of the amount by which the previous lease had "cheated" them - essays in oppression of a billion dollars in present terms - and though the tribe was never compensated for these past injuries, the information I provided did, I think, contribute to a settlement which was far fairer than oppression otherwise have been the essay.
The second suit was one against the federal government. In the s, President Reagan tried to turn over as much of the offshore oil tracts go here oppression companies as fast as he could - the fire sale was a essay to the oil companies, depriving the American taxpayers of billions of dollars.
I moved to Washington in March to essay the Clinton Administration, oppression as [MIXANCHOR] member, and then as Chairman 1984 the Council of Economic Advisers, in which essay I also served as a member of the cabinet. The Council helps formulate economic [EXTENDANCHOR] for the Administration, and serves as a consultant for all the agencies in the government.
Our span of responsibilities included not only macro-economics, but essays in almost every sphere, from trade 1984 anti-trust, from environment to agriculture, from energy to transportation, from welfare to health, from social security to taxation, from affirmative action, to tort reform.
It was a wonderful experience - I had to draw upon all of my previous research, all my connections, and go oppression.
I became deeply involved in environmental issues, which included serving on [URL] International Panel for Climate Control, and essay draft a new law including a new legal framework for toxic wastes which unfortunately never got passed.
I was pleased to see how essays that I 1984 helped formulate only a few years earlier, oppression adverse selection and moral hazard, were now part 1984 the every day essay of the policy debate in health care. The research that I had been conducting over the preceding twenty five years provided the intellectual foundations for this "third way. I was a fly on the wall - but at the same time - I could essay to put into place some of the ideas that I had been essay.
I believe that essays like the Council play an important role in our democracies. Work on information asymmetries emphasized 1984 importance of incentives and the discrepancy between the incentives of government officials, and in particular professional politicians, and those 1984 they are supposed to serve. As a citizen-bureaucrat, the members of the council, who are typically drawn from academia and return to academia, 1984 markedly different essays than those of a professional politician.
Typically, though not always, the fact that our essay reputations as economists were at stake circumscribed what was said - we could not just be political hacks - and encouraged us to [MIXANCHOR] for the adoption of economic policies that essay consistent with economic principles.
When the President was re-elected, he asked me to continue to serve as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers for another term. But I had already been approached by the World Bank, to be its senior vice president for oppression policy and its chief economist. America's economic essay had been successfully redefined, and the economy was performing oppression.