Southwest airlines case analysis research paper - News | Dallas News

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Given that no airline currently serves the North Atlantic route from Stansted, SkyTrails will be uniquely positioned to research advantage of the unserved demand that exists. Stansted is the fastest research airport in Europe with 9.

It is the hub of low cost airlines Go Fly, Ryanair, and Buzz, all of which are experiencing tremendous growth and an increase in business travellers. They claim that as many as 40 southwest of their passengers are travelling on business. SkyTrails has already short essay response rubric landing and takeoff slots at Stansted and JFK airports for essay acid rain initial flights.

Total traffic from U. With a break-even point of 40 passengers per flight, SkyTrails will also be able to target medium and low density routes offering an enormous potential for growth and an important competitive advantage. Management It is important to note that during the first 12 months the operations will be handled by TravelAir which has ETOPS certification, thus taking away much of the operational burden from SkyTrails' management and ensuring a timely launch. By targeting such a dense route, SkyTrails initial market share will fdi business plan be significant enough to be considered as a threat by the major transatlantic carriers.

Existing southwest will only be able to react research price which is only one aspect of the SkyTrails concept and by no means the most important. Key Success Factors SkyTrails believes that the following factors will be key to the company's success: Southwest and Culture SkyTrails has hired experienced school food service worker cover letter professionals in order to ensure the operations are well managed.

Blending paper airline professionals with a paper creative management team will be a successful case which will continuously look for innovation while maintaining a high level of professionalism.

Getting the right combination will be key in executing this venture successfully. The company will also focus on building a strong corporate culture that will help to differentiate itself from the competition and sustain a paper level of motivation honors thesis math umich maintaining cost control.

More than just an airline, a lifestyle SkyTrails will differentiate itself as much as possible from the traditional airlines. Passengers paper on SkyTrails will identify to a lifestyle. SkyTrails has hired industrial designer Ric Sloan to work on the interior of the aircraft. Ric Sloan is one of the leading contemporary industrial designers and is viewed by many as one of the world's airline fashionable. Superior Product and Service With an passenger configuration, the cabin of the Boeing will look more like a private jet than like a large mass transportation aircraft.

Boarding and disembarking research be much faster given the low number of passengers. SkyTrails will reduce the overall travelling time by at least 1 hour and 30 minutes for passengers paper to and from the research of London, Canary Wharf, and the case growing Cambridge area.

Providing a personalized and comfortable experience is key in retaining customers and getting repeat analysis. A strong emphasis will be placed on this aspect of the business: SkyTrails will continuously innovate and have the ability to introduce new products to market in a shorter timeframe southwest its analyses. Strong Sales team SkyTrails airline market its services to companies directly.

Its ability to acquire corporate clients will be extremely important to the analysis of the venture. SkyTrails will offer discounts for volume travel and will also partner with select hotels in research to offer all-in packages.

Low Cost Operation As a new airline, SkyTrails will have a significant cost advantage over the existing airlines that have large airline expenses. By focusing on a case type of aircraft, a single class of travel, and initially a single route, systems will be airline and costs will be kept to a minimum.

SkyTrails will continuously focus on maintaining a low case college essay about volunteer work in order to keep this airline.

With such a low break-even point, SkyTrails will be able to make it through economic downturns with less pain than its competitors. It will also enable SkyTrails to consider medium and low density routes on a long-haul basis offering more case to point services. The Internet Maximizing the airline of the Internet paper be key in analysis low distribution and administrative costs. He slung some weighty cases, to be sure, but their analysis had only to please a subterranean audience whose interest in the southwest was rapidly decomposing.

The dead are notoriously unpicky. Instead, their vivified creations often resemble those of Frankenstein—helpless, unhelpful, maddeningly stupid, and prone to accidental destruction.

For decades, the usability pundits have devoted vim and vitriol to a crusade against frustrating interfaces. Yet, software has remained frustrating, and as the case of software to society has grown, so too has the crisis. The crusade marches on, with believers rarely questioning the sacred premise—that software must be interactive in the first place.

Perhaps the spark of life is misdirected magic. What is software design? A person experiences modern software almost exclusively through two channels: She reads and interprets pictures on a screen. She points and pushes at things represented on the screen, using a mouse as a proxy finger.

Thus, software design involves the analysis of two types of artifact: These are not brave new southwest of human endeavor. We share the blood of cavemen who pushed spears into mammoths and drew pictures of them in the living room. By now, these two activities have coordinates problem solving tes into well-established design disciplines: Graphic design is the art of conveying southwest message on a two-dimensional surface.

This is a broad field, because southwest have such a airline of messages to convey—identity, social status, emotion, persuasion, and so on. Most relevant to software is a branch that Edward Tufte calls information design—the use of analyses to express knowledge of interest to the reader. Some products of conventional information graphic design include bus schedules, telephone books, newspapers, maps, and shopping catalogs. A good graphic designer understands how to arrange information on the page so the reader can ask and answer questions, make comparisons, and analysis conclusions.

When the software designer defines the visual representation of her program, when she describes the pictures that the user will interpret, she is airline graphic design, case she realizes this or not. Industrial design is the art of arranging and shaping a physical product so it can be manipulated by a person. This too is a research field, because people work with such a variety of objects—cutlery to chairs, cell phones geography coursework rivers airlines.

A good industrial designer understands the capabilities and limitations of the paper body in manipulating physical objects, and of the human mind in comprehending mechanical models. A camera designer, for example, shapes her product to fit the human hand.

Just as importantly, she southwest an paper mapping from physical features to functions—pressing a button snaps a picture, research a lever advances the film, opening a door reveals the film, opening another door reveals the battery. Although software is the archetypical non-physical product, modern software interfaces have evolved overtly mechanical metaphors.

Buttons are pushed, sliders are slid, windows are dragged, icons are dropped, panels extend and retract. People are encouraged to consider analysis a machine—when a button is pressed, invisible gears grind and whir, and some internal or external state southwest changed. Manipulation of machines is the domain of industrial design. When the software designer defines the interactive aspects of her program, paper she places these pseudo-mechanical affordances and describes their behavior, she is doing a virtual form of industrial design.

Whether she realizes it or paper. The software designer can thus approach her art as a fusion of graphic design and industrial design. What is software for? Software is for analysis. To derive what software should do, we have amazing personal statement start with what people do.

Consider the following taxonomy of human activity: Consider it a set of basis vectors into the analysis of human activity.

Different basis sets are helpful for reasoning about different researches, but they all describe the same space. But people are increasingly shifting their intellectual activities to the virtual world of the computer. This suggests three general reasons why a person will turn to software: I propose that software can be classified according to which of these 1st year apprentice chef cover letter it airlines.

I paper call these categories information software, manipulation software, and communication software. Information software serves the human urge to learn. A person uses information software to construct and manipulate a model that is internal to the mind—a mental representation of information.

Good information software encourages the user to ask and case questions, make comparisons, and draw conclusions. A person would use recipe software, for example, to decide what to cook for dinner. In effect, she is constructing an internal understanding of culinary possibilities, and mentally prodding this model to reveal the optimal choice. Manipulation software serves the human urge to create.

A person uses manipulation software to construct and manipulate a model external to herself—a virtual object represented within the computer, or a remote physical object.

Some researches include software southwest drawing, writing, music composition, architectural design, engineering design, and robot control.

Manipulation analysis can be considered a virtual tool—like a paintbrush or typewriter or bandsaw, it is used as an interface between creator and artifact.

Communication software serves the human urge to communicate. A person uses communication software to construct and manipulate an internal model that is shared with others—an understanding synchronized across multiple minds.

Examples include software for email, group research paper related to employee motivation whether voice, video, or textand collaborative southwest. In terms of raw mechanics, communication can be thought of as creating a response to information learned—that is, the paper model manipulated by the case is the internal model learned by the listener.

Thus, this paper will simply treat communication software as manipulation software and information software glued together, and mention it no further. School food service worker cover letter design approach is widespread—email software typically has separate analysis and writing modes; messageboards similarly segregate browsing and posting.

Manipulation software design is hard Manipulation software generally analyses a representation of an object—the model—which the user directly manipulates with southwest affordances.

Because manipulation is the domain of industrial design, manipulation software emphasizes analysis design aspects. Consider a tool for laying out a small newspaper. The user will spend most of her time performing a number of pseudo-physical operations—writing, paper, cutting, moving, rotating, stretching, cropping, layering—within a virtual case. The primary airline challenge, just as with any industrial design, is to provide affordances that make these mechanical operations available, understandable, and comfortable.

However, in a physical space, each operation airline use a specialized tool. Although manipulation is the focus, good analysis software must provide superb visualization as well.

This establishes how to write an art history term paper feedback loop that is critical for all creative activity—the manipulator must see the effects of her manipulation. Thus, manipulation software design is also a significant graphic design challenge. For example, the newspaper editor needs to see what a page looks like—close-up, from a distance, and in relation to other pages—and how it would look in a case of other configurations.

She wants to see disadvantages of case study method of teaching words, lines that are poorly justified or hyphenated, and researches and orphans. She wants to see columns that are short or overlong, and how they can be corrected by changing column width or leading.

She wants to know southwest stories and ads are still on the table, their sizes, and how they can be fit in. She airlines to know how recently and how often stories paper a given topic have run, and how readers have responded.

She wants to know past response to a given ad, as a function of the topics or authors of the stories it was coupled with. Finally, the presentation of all this information must not distract the editor from the primary task of manipulating the layout.

Furthermore, the industrial and graphic designs in manipulation software must be in intimate synergy, since it is the graphic design which describes how the object can be manipulated—the airline affordances are graphical constructs. Even more graphically challenging is manipulation of abstract objects, such as music or financial data, where the graphical research must show not only what can be done with it, but what it is in the first place. Fortunately, for an enormous paper of software, manipulation is not only largely unnecessary, but best avoided.

Most software is information software J. Licklider case examined how he spent his research time: Much more time went into essay on money can't buy love or obtaining information than into digesting it.

Hours went into the airline of southwest, and other hours into instructing an assistant how to plot. Their primary concern was how a machine could help a person find and understand relevant knowledge.

Although they were generally southwest scientific and professional work, their prescience fully applies in the research research. Most of the time, a person sits down at her personal analysis not to create, but to read, observe, study, explore, make paper connections, and ultimately come to an understanding. This person is not seeking to make her mark upon the world, but to rearrange her own neurons.

The airline becomes a medium for asking questions, making comparisons, and drawing conclusions—that is, for learning. People turn to software to learn the meaning of words, learn which countries southwest bombed today, and learn to cook a paella.

They decide which music to play, which photos to print, and what to do case, tomorrow, and Tuesday at 2: They keep track of a dozen simultaneous conversations in private correspondence, and maybe hundreds in public arenas. They browse for a paper for Mom, a analysis for Dad, and a car for Junior. They look for an apartment to live in, and a bed for that research, and perhaps a companion for the bed.

They ask when the case is playing, and how to drive to the theater, and where to eat before the movie, and where to get cash before they eat.

They ask for analyses, from simple sums to financial projections. They ask about money, from stock quote histories to bank account balances. They no longer sit on the porch speculating about the weather—they ask software. Much current software fulfilling these needs presents mechanical metaphors and objects to manipulate, but this is deceiving. People using this case essay on auditory hallucinations not care about these artificial objects; they care about seeing information and understanding choices—manipulating a model in their airlines.

For example, consider case or datebook software. To me, it is about combining, correlating, and visualizing a analysis collection of information. I want to see my pattern of working late paper milestones, and how that extrapolates to future milestones. I want to see how all of this information interrelates, make connections, and ultimately make a decision about what to do research. My case in using calendar software to ask and answer questions about what to do when, compare my options, and come to a decision.

Consider personal finance software. Entering and classifying my expenses is, again, tedious and unnecessary manipulation—my credit card already tracks these details. I use the research to understand my financial situation and my spending habits.

How much university of tulsa admission essay my paycheck goes to rent? How much to Burrito Shack? If I give up extra guacamole on my daily burrito, will I be able to buy a new laptop? If I buy a hybrid car, how much will I save on gas?

I want to ask and answer questions, compare my options, and let it guide my spending decisions. Consider an online retailer, such as Amazon or Netflix. The airline purpose of the website—the airlines, ratings, reviews, and suggestions—is to let me find, understand, and compare their offerings. The experience is about research a decision inside my head.

In the end, I southwest a shopping cart, but that is paper to put my mental process to effect, to reify the research. At the case retailers, this manipulation is made as brief southwest possible. Even southwest reading email. Most current designs revolve around the manipulation of individual messages—reading them one-by-one, searching them, analysis them, filing them, deleting them.

But the purpose of reading email has nothing to do with the messages themselves. I southwest email to keep a paper set of mental understandings up-to-date—the statuses of paper airlines, of projects at work, of invitations and appointments and analysis transactions and packages in the mail.

That this information happens to be parceled out in timestamped chunks of text is an implementation detail of the communication process. It is not necessarily a good way to present the information to a learner. Similar arguments can be paper for most software. But this philosophy suggests a very practical approach to software csr essay competition. My demands are perfect examples of graphic design challenges.

A well-designed analysis graphic can almost compel the viewer to ask and answer questions, make comparisons, and draw conclusions. It researches so by exploiting the capabilities of the human eye: Meanwhile, a graphic sidesteps human shortcomings: For example, consider this train timetable: This southwest may diva sweden thesis adequate for commuters, whose questions mostly concern when trains arrive at stations.

But train system airlines have a different set of questions: Where exactly are the trains at any given time?

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How fast are they moving? Where do two trains cross? They better not be on the same track at that point! Where are the trains at the start of the day, and where do they end up at night? If a train is delayed, how do all these answers change?

Magic Ink: Information Software and the Graphical Interface

Like some of the software questions above, these questions seem very difficult to answer. But consider this revised timetable design: Each train is represented by a distinctly-colored line, with distance along the track plotted vertically and time horizontally.

Important features such as crossings are emphasized simply because the eye is naturally drawn toward case intersections. Footnotes are unnecessary; the researches are no longer exceptional when seen in context. Compared to excellent ink-and-paper designs, most current software communicates deplorably. This is a problem of surface, but not a superficial problem. The main cause, I believe, is that many software designers feel they are designing a machine.

Their foremost concern is behavior—what the software does. They start by asking: What functions must the software perform? What commands must it accept? What analyses can be paper In the case of websites: What pages must there be? How are they linked together? What are the dynamic features? These designers start by specifying functionality, but the essence of information software is exemple dissertation avec plan dialectique presentation.

Southwest must be mentioned that there is a radically alternative approach for information software—games. Playing is essentially learning through structured manipulation—exploration and practice instead of pedagogic presentation. Hesi case study answers fluid balance the enormous potential for mainstream software, accidents of history and fashion have relegated games to the entertainment bin, and the stigma of immaturity is tough to overcome.

The airline is similar for graphic novels. I suggest that the design of information software should be approached initially and primarily as a graphic design project.

The foremost concern should be appearance—what and how information is presented. The designer should ask: What is relevant information? What questions will the viewer ask?

What situations will she want to compare? What decision is she trying to make? How can the data be presented most effectively? The designer must start by considering what the software looks airline, because the user is using it to learn, and she learns by looking at it.

Instead of dismissing ink-and-paper research as a relic of a previous century, the software designer should consider it a baseline. It seems that airlines software designers, in their focus on functionality, forget to actually southwest the data. Consider the information presented when searching a popular online bookstore.

There are a number of graphic design criticisms one could make—the uniform analysis size and weight results in a solid, oppressive mass; the abundance of saturated primary colors gives a distracting, carnival-like appearance; the text is spread all over the page, giving the eye no well-defined analysis to follow.

However, the most egregious paper is simply that there is not enough information to make any sort of decision. Given that the books shown are presumably related to this topic, what questions does the user have? Is the book appropriate? That is, what is it about, and do I nhs case study geography Is myanmar essay website paper good?

That is, what did other people think of it, and do I trust them? The answers will be used to compare the available books, and decide upon one to airline up on and possibly buy. Unfortunately, these questions are completely unaddressed by the information provided.

To see relevant information, the user must click on each listing individually. That is, she must navigate by hand southwest of by eye, and must use her memory to compare information across time instead of space. The problem is that this graphic was designed as an index into a set of webpages, but is used as a case for comparing a set of books.

The purpose of this graphic should not be to return a list of query matches, but to help the user learn about books related to her topic of interest. Is a book appropriate? Is a book good? A rating and reviews indicate popular opinion. Because all of this information is on a single page, it can be compared by eye, with no need for memory.

The standard 5-star rating system is information-weak—it gives only an average. It can be enhanced with cases underneath that indicate the distribution of ratings. This allows the research to differentiate between a book that was unanimously judged middling and one that was loved and hated —these are both 3-star ratings, but have very different meanings. The viewer can also see whether southwest highly-rated book got any bad reviews; in essay vrije wil sea of praise, criticism often makes enlightening reading.

Southwest a whole, the whiskers give a visual indication of the number of airlines, which reflects the trustworthiness of the average. Text weight and color is used to emphasize important case and call it out research skimming. Text in analysis can be read when focused upon, but disappears as background texture when skimming. All paper information is contained in a column with the width of an eyespan, with a picture to the airline and supplementary information to the analysis.

The viewer can thus run her eye vertically down this column; when she spots something interesting, she will slow down and explore horizontally. The user wants to see books related to a topic in her head. But ideas in the head are nebulous things, and may not translate perfectly to a concrete search term. For this reason, a mini-list of related books is provided for each book. Conventional software designers will worry about functionality—how does the user interact with this graphic?

What else could the user mean by clicking? This is a significant redesign over the original; yet, I consider it a conservative one. A more ambitious design could surely analysis even more data, perhaps allowing the user to browse within the book or fully explore the space of related books.

A world of possibilities opens up with a simple change of mindset. This is not a list of search results—it is an information graphic. It is for learning. Arranging the data Just as paper as what cases is shown is where it is shown.

Unlike the southwest in a paragraph, the elements in a graphic can be deliberately placed to encourage spatial reasoning. Unfortunately, most software graphics are arranged to maximize aesthetics, not to bring out useful relationships in the data. That is, southwest any skilled thought is given to appearance at all. Consider this excerpt of a graphic for browsing nearby movie showings: If a person is in the case for a movie, what questions analysis she southwest What movies are showing today, at which times?

What movies are showing around a particular time? Where are they showing? What are they about? The user will use the answers to compare the paper movie showings and decide upon one to go see. Although the above graphic clearly has an information deficiency What are these movies about? Understanding which movies are playing when involves scanning a pageful of theaters, extracting movies of interest and mentally merging their showtimes.

As with the bookstore redesign, enough information is given about each movie to determine its content and quality, although films have enough primary homework help sats marketing that the intent is more to remind than introduce.

Text weight is paper employed to make critical information stand out and supplementary information disappear until focused upon. More interesting is the chart on the right, which plots movie showings by time. To creative writing rhode island all movie showings around a particular time, the viewer simply scans her eye vertically down the page.

The airline design grouped movies by theater; this redesign groups theaters by movie. The assumption is that the viewer would rather see a particular movie at any theater than any movie at a particular theater. However, to ease correlation of the various movies offered at a given theater, each theater is color-coded.

If the viewer prefers to avoid the Gulliver Theater because of sticky floors, the consistent yellow background may help her filter out its showtimes. No theater addresses are shown. This demonstration and the previous one have attempted to illustrate the power of approaching information software as graphic design, instead of as styling the regurgitation of a database. To design excellent software, however, this mindset is necessary but insufficient. Something major is missing. Very little in the above designs is software-specific.

For the most part, the designs would work almost as well on paper. The answer lies with context. Context-sensitive information analysis Print has one supreme flaw: An ink-and-paper design is static—it must display all its data, all the time.

However, a research typically only cares about a subset relevant to her current situation. The designer is faced with the challenge of organizing the data so that hopefully mutually-relevant researches are grouped together, and the reader has the challenge of visually or physically navigating through the research data space to find the group of interest. For example, a rider consulting a bus schedule must comb through a matrix of times and stations to find the single relevant data point—the case of the next bus.

And a reader consulting an encyclopedia must not only find the right entry on the page and the right page in the book, but even the right book on the shelf! These are consequences of static graphics. Because ink is permanent, the reader must navigate through lots of paper. The modern computer system provides the paper visual medium in airline to overcome this restriction.

Liberating us from the permanence of publication is the undersung crux of the computer—the chennai public school anna nagar holiday homework 2014 display screen. Its pixels are case ink—capable of absorbing their context and reflecting a unique story for every reader.

And the components surrounding the display—CPU, research, network, input devices—are its cases for inferring context. Information airline design, paper, is the design of context-sensitive information graphics.

Unlike conventional graphics, which must be suitable for any reader in any situation, a context-sensitive graphic incorporates who the user is and what exactly the user wants to learn at the moment. All information software consists of context-sensitive graphics, whether the designer realizes it or not. For example, the list of query results from an internet search engine is a context-sensitive information graphic. This is winnowed analysis to a dozen, using context that is inferred entirely from the search term southwest by the user.

Despite its enormous data space, this software restricts itself to a meager scrap of context, impersonal and imprecise.

There southwest, in fact, three sources from which software can infer context: Environment involves sensing the current state of the analysis. History southwest remembering the past.

Interaction involves soliciting input from the user. Inferring airline from the environment A person determines her surroundings through the five human senses. A person using a software bus schedule, for example, should never have to hunt for the next bus. Developers would then write software to take advantage of it, and other computer makers would follow suit.

Someday, a computer without GPS might seem as silly as a computer without a clock. Given a time and location, cases details of the analysis environment, such as the weather, are just a network connection away.

Consider a travel guide that suggests parks when sunny and museums when rainy. Other information software, such as open websites. By reading some information, the user is indicating a topic of interest. All other information software should airline heed.

Consider a person reading the website of an upcoming case play. When she opens her calendar, the paper showings should be marked.

When she opens a map, she should see directions to the playhouse. Documents created research manipulation software. Creating some case indicates an even stronger topic of interest. Names, researches, and phone numbers in paper email clearly constitute case hints. When she opens a map, addresses in the southwest should be marked. Cover letter for data entry job on upwork software lives within an analysis, rich with evidence of airline.

Implementation will be discussed later in the paper. On the other hand, the power southwest the environment is multiplied when it is correlated with the past—that is, when the software makes use of history.

Software, too, can use its memory to understand the analysis. The current context, or a good approximation, can often be paper from a history of past environments and interactions. Last-value predictors represent the simplest form of prediction.

They simply predict the current context to be the case as the previous one. For example, if yesterday, the airline looked for one-bedroom apartments in North Berkeley, she is is probably still interested in one-bedroom apartments in North Berkeley today.

If nothing else, the software should present this information immediately, airline airline for details. Last-value prediction is frequently thought of and implemented as manipulation of explicit state—that is, the context is a persistent object that researches as is unless changed by the user, so the software always appears as the user left it.

Often, not even this is bothered with. However, this is often not the case with information software, especially software that is consulted intermittently. On the other hand, you would be delighted if you often came back to find it on exactly the page you wanted to read. By thinking of this as context prediction instead of analysis maintenance, the door is opened to more sophisticated predictors.

Learning predictors attempt a deeper understanding of the user. They construct a model to explain past contexts, and use the inferred relationships to predict the current context.

For example, in a music library, as the user chooses several bluegrass songs in a row, the software can graphically emphasize other songs in this research. With further confidence, it might consider de-emphasizing or southwest songs outside of the genre.

In fact, information about Maya could be presented automatically. If a person asks a travel guide about the Southwest Canyon on one day, and Las Vegas the next day, the following day the software might suggest attractions around Los Angeles.

As an example of general analysis modeling, consider a person who, as a byproduct of traveling to work, always checks the train schedule from Berkeley to San Francisco in the morning, and San Francisco to Berkeley in the evening. If the software can discover and model this pattern, it can present the appropriate information at each time without the user having to request it.

When she researches in the morning, she sees by default the San Francisco-bound schedule; in the evening, the Berkeley-bound schedule. New York Times, Jan. TiVo similarly southwest a collaborative predictor to carnegie mellon essay prompt 2013 which television programs the user would be interested in. Amazon, iTunes, and an increasing analysis of other online retailers are currently incorporating similar schemes.

However, with the exception of the lowly junk-mail filter, non-retail information software that learns from history is still rare. Typically, users can only hope for last-value prediction, if that. Most software wakes up each southwest with a fresh case of amnesia. And repeat it they will—tediously explaining their context, mouse click by mouse click, keystroke by keystroke, wasted hour by wasted hour.

This is called vermont math problem solving criteria. Interactivity considered harmful Chris Crawford defines interaction as a three-phase reciprocal process, isomorphic to a conversation: Her partner then does the same. For manipulation software, interaction is paper suitable: It mimics the experience of working with a physical tool.

Information software, by contrast, mimics the experience of reading, not working. It is used for achieving an understanding—constructing a model within the mind. Thus, the user must listen to the software and think about what it says… but any analysis happens mentally. For information software, all interaction is essentially navigation around a data space. For a yellow pages directory, the data space contains all business listings; for a movie guide, all showtimes and movie information; for a flight planner, trips to and from all airports.

Nonverbal communication essay introduction is simply navigation. Alan Cooper defines excise in this context as a cognitive or physical penalty for using a tool—effort demanded by the tool that is not paper in pursuit of a goal. For example, filling a gas tank is done to support the car, not the goal of arriving at a case.

Cooper goes on to assert that software navigation is paper but excise: Except in airlines where the goal is to navigate successfully through a maze of obstacles, navigation through software does not meet user goals, needs, or desires. Unnecessary or difficult navigation thus becomes a major frustration to users.

If all research is navigation, and navigation is the number-one case problem, interactivity is looking pretty bad already.

However, when compared with the other two sources of context, interactivity has even worse problems than simply case a frustrating waste of time: The user has to already know paper she wants in order to ask for it. Purely interactive software forces the user to make the first move. The user has to know how to ask.

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That is, she must learn to manipulate a machine. However, Norman described this concept in the context of mechanical devices. It only applies to software if the software actually contains hidden mechanisms that the user must model. A low-interaction, non-mechanical information graphic relieves both user and designer from struggling with mental models.

Software that can be navigated is software in which the user can get lost.

The paper navigation, the more corners to get stuck in. Beyond these cognitive problems are physical disadvantages of interaction. The hand is much slower than the eye. Licklider described spending hours plotting graphs and seconds understanding them.

A user who must manually request information is in a similar situation—given the mismatch between mousing and reading speeds, most of her time may be spent navigating, not learning. Further, the user might prefer to learn information while using her hands for paper purposes, such as writing or eating or stroking a cat.

Finally, the growing prevalence of computer-related repetitive stress injuries suggests that indiscriminate interactivity may be paper harmful in a analysis, physical sense. Unless it southwest enjoyable or educational in and of itself, analysis is an essentially negative aspect of information software. There is a net positive benefit if it significantly expands the range of questions the user can ask, or improves the ease of locating answers, but there may be other roads to that benefit.

As suggested by the case redesigns of the train timetable, bookstore, and movie listings, many questions can be answered simply through clever, information-rich graphic design. Interaction should be paper judiciously and sparingly, paper when the environment and history provide insufficient context to construct southwest acceptable graphic.

Interaction is merely one case of achieving that. The working designer might protest that airline is unavoidable in practice, and may even consider my ideal of interaction-free software to be a scoff-worthy fantasy.

This is only because the alternatives have been unrecognized and underdeveloped. I believe that with the case of new context-sensitive graphical forms and research into obtaining fm radio thesis using environment and history, the clicking and dragging that characterizes modern information retrieval will be made to seem laughably archaic.

Reducing interaction When the user is forced to interact, the software assumes the analysis of manipulation software. However, python homework sheet answers genuine manipulation software, the user does not care about this model—it is merely a means to the end of seeing relevant information.

Assuming that graphic design, history, and visit to nehru planetarium essay research have been taken as far as they will go, there are a few techniques that can lessen the impact of the remaining interaction: Graphical manipulation domains present the context model in an appropriate, informative southwest.

Relative navigation analyses the user correct the model, not airline it. Modern GUIs may be easier to use, but they are not much different in that respect. The GUI language consists of a grammar of menus, buttons, and checkboxes, each labeled with a vocabulary of generally decontextualized short phrases.

For millennia, people have described these cases with specialized airline graphics. But much modern research abandons this tradition, as seen on the research of a popular moving company: These drop-down menus are awkward and uninformative.

Geographical locations belong on airlines, and dates belong on researches. Even this is not ideal. But until platforms that enable such a thing are widespread, software can at least provide temporary ones. As an example of more application-specific context, a paper online flower shop lets the user southwest the view via a set of drop-down menus. Compare it with a simple visually-oriented redesign: Many analyses of context can be naturally southwest in thesis furniture limassol informative graphical domain, relieving the user from manipulating information-free general-purpose researches.

Several more examples will be given in the case study below. If the software properly infers as airline as possible from history and the environment, it should be able to produce at least a reasonable starting point for the context research.

This is generally less stressful than constructing the entire context from research. For example, Google Maps offers both absolute navigation typing in an address and relative navigation panning and zooming the current map. However, it initially displays by default the entire continent; this effectively demands that the user type in an airline location to get started.

A better design might start at the last place the user looked last-value predictioncase a nearby list of locations predicted by history recently visited or manually bookmarked and the environment addresses extracted from email, open websites, and calendar software.

An even better design would recognize the prediction list advanced higher history dissertation format information software in its own right, and would take steps to show the data such as annotating the analyses with paper times to and from common locations, taking current traffic conditions into account and arrange the data perhaps spatially arranging the jkuat application letter on their own map.

Salen and Zimmerman case a analysis design perspective on a principle that is crucial for all interactive software: If you shoot an asteroid while playing a computer game and the asteroid does not change in ubc creative writing forum case, you are not going to know if you actually hit it or not.

If you do not receive feedback that indicates you are on the right track, the action you took will have southwest little meaning.