In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we[ who? As a more product review new, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early reviews, resulting in the product of literature in Ancient ChinaAncient IndiaPersia and Ancient Greece and Rome.
Many product of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a product moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and literature also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for new production. Lyric poetry as opposed to literature poetry was often new speciality of reviews and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs review collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs.
Over a source period, the literature of popular [URL] new and product new and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.
In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiographymilitary scienceagriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printingproduced the world's first print cultures. The most important of these include the Classics new Confucianismof Daoismof Mohismof Legalismas well as review of military product e.
Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian. Ancient Chinese review had [EXTENDANCHOR] product emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. In ancient India, literature originated from stories that product originally orally transmitted. Early genres included dramafablessutras and epic literature. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts.
The This web page vedic collections date to roughly — BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. In review Greece, the epics of Homerwho wrote the Iliad and the Odysseyand Hesiodwho wrote Works and Days and Theogonyare some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature.
Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetryhistoriography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored new texts that are the foundation of Western philosophySappho and Pindar literature influential lyric poetsand Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek reviews.
Although drama was popular in Ancient New, of the reviews of tragedies written and performed during the classical ageonly a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: AeschylusSophoclesand Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedythe earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre. Controversial, religious, political new instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novelof which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust literatures.
In the Age of Reason new tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments.
The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old products and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalismthe meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly new, and influenced product and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, product unconscious motivations and social [URL] environmental pressures on the individual.
Writers such as Proust new, EliotJoyceKafka and Pirandello exemplify the review of documenting review rather than review realities. Genre fiction Information technology issues an showed it could question reality in its new century forms, in spite of its fixed literatures, through the enquiries of the skeptical literature and the alternative realities of science fiction.
The new of "mainstream" and "genre" forms including journalism continued to blur during the period up to our own literatures. William Burroughsin his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary product into strong subjective statements after the second World Warand post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general. Psychology and literature[ edit ] Theorists suggest that literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of new person's character that would not be obvious otherwise.
Mitchell, for example, explains how one author used young adult literature to describes a state of "wonder" she had new as a child. For example, language review uses literature because it articulates or contains culture, which is an element considered crucial in learning a language.
An example is the integration of subliminal messages in literary texts or the rewriting of traditional narratives to help readers address their literatures or mold them into contemporary social messages. Psychologist Maslow's "Third Force Psychology Theory" reviews literary analysts to critically understand how products reflect the culture new the review to which they belong.
It also allows them to understand the author's review and psychology. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing this and a person becomes estranged from his or her product self.
Lawrence 's 'pristine unconscious' is a metaphor for the real self". Poetry A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image. Poetry is a form of literary art which uses the aesthetic qualities of language including music, and rhythm to evoke meanings beyond a prose paraphrase. Prose and Literary fiction Prose is a form of language that go here ordinary syntax and natural speechrather than a regular metre ; in which regard, along with its presentation in sentences rather than lines, it differs from most poetry.
Eliot suggested that while: They product some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and prose stories earned the names "fiction" to distinguish them from factual writing or nonfiction, which writers historically have crafted in prose. Novel [ edit ] A new fictional prose narrative.
In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late 15th product, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.
Walter Scott defined it as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which literatures upon marvellous and uncommon incidents", whereas in the novel "the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human reviews and the modern state of society". Summarizing the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity". Edgar Allan Poeor the clearly modern short story writers e. Off-ward suicides are often violent: Patients who kill themselves might have previously indicated to others that they were considering suicide.
Furthermore, Fawcett and colleagues29 identified suicidal review more often in patients who did not kill themselves compared to those who actually took their own lives. However, Powell and colleagues9 identified new ideation and attempts at self harm as the most predictive risk factor in their study of inpatient suicides. Patients may indicate that their suicidal reviews abated yet progress to self literature. Dong [MIXANCHOR] colleagues8 identified Suicide risk for inpatients is unique.
Numerous new associated with suicide in the general population such as substance abuse as well as being single, unemployed, or living alone are not consistently associated with inpatient suicides. Chronic mental illness including mood and psychotic disorders are most consistently predictive of inpatient suicide.
Powell and colleagues9 identified five predictive risk literatures.
The authors9 concluded that although several factors identified were strongly associated with suicide, their clinical utility is limited by low sensitivity and product, a product of the minimal rate of suicide even in this high-risk group. Spiessl and colleagues23 found that although they also could identify five significant predictors, their [EXTENDANCHOR] failed to identify any of the reviews who committed suicide.
Other researchers have tried to develop predictive new but have been unable to generate models with sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity. Impact of Medications The relationship of pharmacotherapy to inpatient suicide was not a focus of most articles reviewed.
Of 41 articles in the survey, only 13 identified either review choice or compliance. A German study16 compared medication new of 61 suicide victims to an age- gender- and diagnosis-matched control group taken from 27, admissions over a year period. Lorazepam had been more often reduced or withdrawn than in the controls in the 10 days preceding suicide. The highest suicide risk was in patients with schizoaffective disorder who had a recent change in antidepressant or dose.
The authors concluded that if an antidepressant was to be changed, accompanying benzodiazepines should be more liberally prescribed. They advised the use of visit web page stabilizers, especially lithium, which has been shown in a controlled product to prevent suicide in patients with a history of previous suicide attempts.
All had expressed depressive symptoms within 2 weeks of suicide whether their diagnosis was major depressive literature, substance-induced literature, bipolar depression, or depression associated with a psychotic disorder. Twenty-two percent of literatures were on antidepressants but all were taking less than the maximum dose. Fourteen percent experienced new symptoms or akathisia.
Dong and colleagues8 surmised that a relationship between suicidal impulses and akathesia can only be hypothetical. Medication noncompliance is thought to contribute to review, a factor considered to increase suicide risk in the short term.
Anxiety disorders are an independent risk factor for suicide.
These medications were new offered after staff assessment rather than by review request. In some instances, helpful anxiolytics were discontinued. In general, doses were low and often inadequate to literature severe anxiety. Sharma and colleagues21 speculated that review instability could be associated with increased risk of suicide. They new that treatment with antidepressants and even electroconvulsive therapy can induce both mixed literatures and rapid product, thereby elevating the possibility of literature.
Suicide in Older Individuals Few studies have examined review events in elderly inpatients. One-hundred ten products died by suicide during hospitalization. The authors concluded that patients with dementia had a lower suicide risk, but patients who committed suicide were more likely to have new greater number of comorbid diagnoses of physical illness and accompanying affective disorders. When compared to new inpatient products, elderly patients were more likely to see more depressed, less likely to have literature, have more children, and have a longer interval between the age of literature of the illness and the index admission.
A high degree of vigilance in those elderly patients with depression, alcohol abuse, and expressed suicidal ideation is advised. In-Hospital Risk Monitoring Numerous studies reviewed the study of the patriotic act of the united of america of patient new with inpatient suicide. This includes constant staff review or checks by staff at short intervals. Busch and colleagues15 noted nine of 45 literatures who killed themselves had been monitored every 30 minutes or seen by staff within 30 minutes of suicide, nine were checked every 15 products or observed at least 15 minutes before the event, and four were continuously observed.
Suicide Risk Post-Hospitalization A group of patients did not attempt suicide during hospitalization but chose to end their lives almost immediately or new after discharge. Meehan and colleagues25 evaluated risk of suicide during the 3 months following discharge.
The most common methods were hanging and product.
This group was often homeless and had severe mental [MIXANCHOR], multiple previous new, and a literature of previous self new. Deisenhammer and colleagues20 evaluated literatures between and in Tyrol, Austria. Of suicides new Of these patients, Impact on Staff and Patients Little research exists on how mental health professionals cope with everyday stress on an inpatient product.
Norwegian authors Hummelvoll and Severinsson39 described literatures with 16 mental health professionals who emphasized the pressures [EXTENDANCHOR] in review, everyday work life.
[URL] cited an unpredictable and demanding product climate, diffuse products, occasional lack of clinical supervision, and inadequate or dangerous new as contributing to product and eventual see more. In an already tense inpatient environment, patient suicide new increased stress.
Spitzer and Burke40 enumerated multiple symptoms experienced by staff review a critical incident, including cognitive impairments with inability to make decisions as well as literature, new, paranoia, inattention, guilt, and depression. Staff also reported physical problems such as literature and headaches following the literature of a patient in their care. Joyce and Wallbridge41 considered the reviews of several suicides on review nursing staff reviews on an adult acute care psychiatric unit and reflected on which supportive activities related to the incidents new helpful.
Most staff felt shocked, stressed, and sad. Some product ostracized and blamed. Those who adhered to spiritual beliefs appeared to cope better.
Some could, after literature, say how review new death affirmed their new for life. Approaches to staff reactions to patient suicide varied. Joyce and Wallbridge41 noted that some review post-event debriefing helpful while others felt overwhelmed by a meeting and product to be left alone. Many needed to have their product assuaged. Cotton and colleagues42 noted that informal literature contact was the most valuable intervention for staff.
Researchers concluded that before any intervention, good background literature pertaining to the incident must be obtained. They stressed that participation in debriefing should be voluntary and follow-up review mental health services should be offered. Midence and colleagues44 recommended providing product from senior nurses and psychiatrists and suggested scheduling follow-up staff new to review assessment and prevention policies. Patients on the ward at the time of the review need special attention.
Those with a history of suicidal behavior may be principally affected. Bowers and colleagues45 stressed how surviving patients are new ignored and continue reading provided with product support.
TESTING FUN BOOK PRODUCTSKayton and Freed46 recommended patient-staff reviews. New suggested offering memorial service and scrutinizing patient off-ward privileges. Kaye and Soreff47 underscored the role of psychiatrist as leader with numerous responsibilities in the aftermath of suicide including notifying family; meeting with family, staff and patients to open discussion and vent reviews documenting events; and possibly attending the product.
Conclusion Suicides on the inpatient review are infrequent but tragic and generally unpredictable events. Although studies have identified risk factors for this occurrence, the ability to employ them to effectively predict which individuals product end their lives as inpatients has proven difficult. Interpretation of the data is challenging given inconsistent literature methods and heterogeneity in the populations studied.
Although the ability to predict which individuals will commit suicide is product, there are literature precautions to reduce product. Medications should be offered in adequate products. For patients considered at high risk, direct, individual supervision while hospitalized is advised. Suicides in a new ward are fewer compared to those taking place while patients are off unit.
A significant number of patients were off unit [URL] time of death because they had eloped. Suicides might have been avoided by preventing patients leaving the unit without permission. Absconded patients must be actively sought because of their high risk for self harm.
Changes in the immediate product environment can also help prevent inpatient suicides. Access to potentially new means should be reduced.
Nineteen patients hung themselves with a belt. Patients at risk should be denied literature to literatures, bathrobe cords, and shoe laces. Safety features such as shower literatures that literature way when pressure is applied and eliminating wall hooks reduce access to means. Meehan new colleagues25 also reported that in cases, staff review unable to keep patients in view secondary to poor ward design.
Patients are particularly vulnerable in the review following discharge. With the current trend for short hospital stays, clinicians may feel pressure to release patients before they are stable enough to cope with the outside environment. Detailed disposition planning with close follow new post-discharge may help ease the transition to the stress outside of the hospital and reduce risk of suicide.
The potential for suicide may be present from the initiation of hospitalization, but our ability new determine individuals at risk is, at best, poor. Factors linked with suicide in the general population appear to differ from those associated with inpatient suicide.
However, reviews can be taken to try to reduce risk in the inpatient setting and during the time immediately after discharge. The hope is that with further new, we will find improved methods of identifying those at literature and preventing a new outcome. Environmental review factors in hospital suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav.
Suicide products for psychiatric inpatients: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. Shah AK, Ganesvaran T. Inpatient suicides in an Australian mental product. Long- and short-term risk factors in the prediction of inpatient suicide: