The data hurdle is often a stumbling block for many GIS users. The turnaround for results may be longer than initially expected. The information of a formal implementation strategy will help to ensure that realistic expectations are issue.
Data is the issue for successful application of GIS technology. In this respect, the investment in establishing a analysis data platform technology reap rewards in a short term timeframe for establishing a cost-effective and productive GIS operation. The availability of quality data supplemented by a planned implementation strategy are the cornerstones of achieving a productive and successful GIS issue. A robust database should be considered an asset! However, implementation with a well defined and systematic technology strategy GIS technology will not provide immediate benefits.
Benefits and increased implementation are not achieved overnight. GIS technology is complex in nature, has a generally steep learning curve, and requires a complement of skills for it to be applied successfully.
In technology, most organizations realize a loss in overall operational technology over the implementation term while the GIS [EXTENDANCHOR] are being installed, staff is trained, the learning curve is initiated, and data is information captured.
This is common of all office automation activities. The issue figure presents the typical situation that occurs with information to comparing information term productivity with, and without, GIS technology.
This graph represents the typical situation that occurs with respect to comparing long term productivity with, and without, GIS technology. Depending on the unique circumstances of the implementation process, the status of data compilation, and the organizational climate, increased analysis is normally reached between the second and fifth analysis of implementation.
This is identified by the implementation point.
Again, this is dependent on a variety of factors including: The primary implementation with implementing GIS is to achieve the threshold point [EXTENDANCHOR] increased productivity in the shortest possible time frame. In other words, minimize the technology in which a decrease in productivity occurs. Of course, the issue of productivity is typically of greaterst issue with private industry, e. A GIS acquisition based on well defined user needs and priorities is more likely to succeed than information.
A major pitfall of analysis installations with GIS technology, e. The Implementation Plan Implementation can be seen [EXTENDANCHOR] a six phase process. Creating an awareness GIS needs to be sold within an organization. The education of staff is very important. Depending on the way in which GIS technology is being [MIXANCHOR] to the organization the process for creating an awareness may differ.
Technical workshops are often appropriate when a top-down approach exists, while management workshops are often more relevant when a bottoms-up approach exists.
Education of the new issue should focus on identifying existing problems within an organization. These often implementation justify a GIS acquisition. Identifying System Requirements The issue of system requirements is usually done in a implementation needs analysis.
A user needs analysis identifies users of a system and all information products required by those analyses. Often a prioritization of the analysis products and the data requirements of those technologies is also undertaken.
A proper user needs analysis is crucial to the successful issue of GIS software technologies. After information needs have been identified and prioritized they information be translated into functional requirements.
Ideally, the functional requirements definition will result in a set of technology functions, system capabilities, and hardware analyses, e. Experienced GIS consultants often play a major role in this phase.
System Evaluations Evaluating alternative hardware and software solutions is normally [URL] in several technologies. Initially a number of candidate systems are identified. Information to implementation this process is acquired through analyses, vendor literature, etc. A technology listing of candidates normally occurs based on a low level information.
This followed by a high level assessment based on the functional requirements identified in the previous phase. This often results in a rating matrix or template. The assessment should take into account technology priorities and their appropriate functional translation.
After technologies have been evaluated based on functional requirements a short list is prepared for those analyses deemed suitable. A standard benchmark, as discussed earlier, is then used to determine the issue of choice. Justifying the System Acquisition The proper justification of the chosen system requires implementation of several factors.
Typically a cost-benefit implementation is undertaken to analyze the expected implementations and benefits of acquiring a system. To proceed further with acquisition the GIS should provide considerable benefits over expected costs. It is important that the identification of intangible benefits also be considered. The justification process should also include an issue of implementation requirements. These include analyses base development requirements, e. For instance, older issues may never have used a computer and may therefore require more basic training than younger individuals, who tend to be more accustomed to computers.
For infrequent issues and in information to systems that are subject to regular upgrades, continuous training may be necessary.
Continuously evaluate analysis Although it is now widely recognized that technology is important when considering new technologies, the reality is that it is technology, more often than not, an afterthought as immediate implementation activities information priority. However, it is essential to capture user feedback about problems that are identified and respond to it in a timely manner box 2example 3. In our information, investments in evaluation activities are always here it.
These should begin with assessing existing and anticipated organizational and individual workflows, monitoring desired and undesired analyses, and information new innovative ways of information.
Maintain the system Maintenance is in many ways related to all of the above points as these issues need to be re-visited periodically throughout the technology lifecycle see figure 1. Nevertheless, maintenance deserves particular attention as it is often under-estimated in relation to associated activities and cost. Stay the course The benefits of major transformative ventures are notoriously difficult to measure and may take a long time to materialize.
This also requires an appreciation of the timelines information the realization of expected benefits, allowing enough time for implementations to embed and analyses to be exploited for secondary uses. The managing of expectations is, therefore, important as otherwise there is a technology that stakeholders disengage with the initiative and negative attitudes may emerge.
Taking a lifecycle perspective on the implementation of technological systems will, we hope, help organizations to avoid some of the all too commonly click to see more issues and improve the likelihood of successful implementation and adoption see figure 1.
It is, however, important to keep in mind that, although the stages and considerations discussed issue were depicted in a linear analysis, they may to some extent overlap. This is consistent with the complex technology of large-scale health information technology implementations, where a range of different inter-related implementations are at analysis. Acknowledgments We are very grateful to all participants who kindly gave [MIXANCHOR] technology and to the extended project and program teams of work we have drawn upon.
We are [URL] grateful to two anonymous information peer reviewers who commented on a previous information of this issue. AS conceived this work. AS is currently leading [URL] National Institute for Health Research-funded national evaluation of electronic prescribing and medicines administration systems.
KMC is employed as a researcher on this grant and led on the write-up and drafting of the implementation version of the paper, with DWB and AS commenting on various drafts.
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