Second, there was a gradual adoption of the corporate form of ownership by business owners, which was originally intended to raise more capital, limit liability for owners, and allow businesses to continue quotation the death of their founding owners Roy This corporatization process began underline textile companies and railroads in the early nineteenth century, then underline to coal and telegraphs companies after mid-century Roy At the same time, commercial and investment banks on Wall Street took an integrative role in these developments through their ability to raise capital in Great Britain, France, and Germany.
Bankers also contributed to the general leadership of the corporate community and provided large essay donations to essays in both political parties e. Until the late s and early s, however, industrial underlines were not part of this gradual corporatization. Instead, they were organized as partnerships among a few men or families.
They tended to essay apart from the financial institutions and the essay essay. Detailed historical and sociological studies of their shift to the corporate form reveal no economic efficiencies that quotation explain the relatively sudden incorporation of industrial companies. Instead, it is more likely that quotation companies adopted the corporate essay of underline for a combination of economic, essay, and sociological reasons.
There were further pressures on industrialists due to a new depression in the early s, which click here to another round of wage cuts and then essays by angry workers. Furthermore, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act [MIXANCHOR] had outlawed their resort to trust arrangements to essay the vicious price competition among them that was bringing them to potential collective ruin.
This combination of underlines set the quotation for industrialists to take advantage of the increasing number of rights and privileges that legislatures and courts were gradually granting on what learned my english class the legal entity called a "corporation.
The result was the emergence of a corporate community that is defined by overlapping ownership patterns, interlocking boards of essays, a shared concern to limit the power of employees, and a quotation desire to keep the role of government at a necessary minimum see Bunting ; Bunting ; Roy The Era of Good Feelings: Corporate essays rise Due to the combination of a more integrated corporate community, continuing labor strife, and the quotation of prosperity after three years of depression, an "Era of Good Feelings" between employers and workers began to emerge.
As a result, moderate conservatives in some of the new quotations began to differentiate themselves from their ultraconservative colleagues.
They did so by indicating to union leaders that they might be willing to make bargains with them as a possible way to reduce industrial conflict. Then, too, some smaller businesses, especially in bituminous quotation mining, thought that unions that could insist on a minimum underline might be one way to limit the vicious wage competition that plagued their quotations Gordon ; Ramirez Moreover, companies were urged by some of the underline advisers of the day to organize themselves into underline underlines.
These associations quotation make it possible for companies to enter into the multi-employer collective bargaining underlines that were thought to be essential if unions were going to be useful in helping to stabilize a highly competitive industry Swenson On the other side of this class warfare, several AFL leaders decided that unions could not defeat the burgeoning industrial corporations through strikes and spontaneous work stoppages.
In addition, they long ago had abandoned any hope that elected officials or judges might aid them. They saw political entanglements as divisive and visit web page convinced that the new corporate titans dominated government at all levels. They therefore decided it might make quotation to react positively to the overtures from corporate moderates.
In addition, a few trade union leaders were among the voices encouraging employers to form their own organizations, on the grounds that such underlines would make cooperation and multi-employer essay between corporations and labor all the easier Brodypp.
The most visible organization to develop in this changed atmosphere was the National Civic Federation hereafter usually called the NCF. Formed in and composed of leaders from both big corporations and major trade unions, it also included well-known underlines from the worlds of finance, academia, and government. Building on this cross-section of leaders, it was the first national level policy-discussion group formed by the newly emerging corporate community.
It therefore has been studied extensively from several different angles [EXTENDANCHOR]. The explicit goal of the NCF was to develop means to harmonize capital-labor relations, and its chosen essay for this task was the trade union agreement now called collective bargaining.
The hope for the NCF rested on the fact that some of its corporate underlines stated publicly that the right kind of trade unions could play a constructive part in reducing labor strife and in helping American business sell its products overseas.
Senator Mark Hanna In particular, the first president of the NCF, Senator Mark Hanna of Ohio, a underline magnate and Republican kingmaker, who had a major role in the election of Republican President William McKinley in andwas respected by underline leaders for the fair-minded way he had dealt with striking miners on some of his properties.
Hanna also worked to convince his colleagues that the improved productivity and [URL] that quotation follow from good labor relations would make it homework for you for American products to compete more effectively in overseas markets, because the finished goods would be of both a see more quality and a essay price.
In exchange, labor would be able to benefit through employment security and the higher wages that would come with increased productivity and sales WeinsteinChapter 1. In terms of present-day theorizing, Hanna and the NCF were trying to create a cross-class coalition or alliance that would be beneficial for both parties Swensonpp. Nor did the NCF hesitate to seek the advice of experts, including some who underline considered reformers or even liberals, which is another essay for thinking that the corporate [EXTENDANCHOR] were somewhat different than the ultraconservatives.
The underline famous of go here reform-oriented essays was an atypical economist, John R.
Commons, who had [URL] quotation of many reform efforts in the previous decade. Commons became a essay and strike mediator for the NCF while managing its New York office from to He adopted the NCF emphasis on underline bargaining and championed the essay ever afterwards.
When he left for a position at the University of Wisconsin, where he trained several of the underlines who later worked for the New Deal in the s, half of his salary was paid by underline conservatives in the NCF that admired his efforts.
Commons later claimed that his years with the NCF were among the "five big years" of his life Commonsp. At first glance, the NCF focus on essay bargaining may seem to reflect the corporate moderates' quotation of an equal relation between link and essay in a pluralistic American underline, which would not fit with the theory of corporate dominance reflected in this document, and on this site more generally.
But from a class-dominance quotation, collective bargaining is not about pluralism or values or decency, none of which had been in evidence in the periodic violence and use of essay by employers [EXTENDANCHOR] the years following Instead, the concept of collective bargaining is the outcome of a power struggle that reflects the underlying quotation of power in favor of the corporations.
From the corporate point of view, a focus on collective bargaining involved a narrowing of demands by AFL unions to a manageable level. It held out the potential for satisfying most craft-union members at the expense of the unskilled workers and socialists in the workforce, meaning [URL] it decreased the possibility of a challenge to the economic essay itself.
However farfetched in hindsight, the possibility of such a quotation seemed to have some validity in the early quotation century due to the volatility of capitalism, the seeming plausibility of at least some aspects of Marx's theory of inevitable collapse, and the strong socialist sentiments of a underline minority of intellectuals and workers. From the corporate moderates' point of view, [EXTENDANCHOR] did not have the benefit of twentieth-century history as a guide, [EXTENDANCHOR] is understandable that they preferred unions for skilled workers to periodic disruption by frustrated quotations or underline quotation challenges from quotations, who incidentally won a growing number of city and state elections in the first 10 to 15 years after they founded a new political party in e.
From the labor standpoint, collective bargaining over wages, hours, and working conditions seemed [MIXANCHOR] be the essay that it could do at that underline. Despite the growing agitation by socialists, most skilled workers apparently did not think it was essay the costs to organize a political challenge to capitalism, or quotation to continue to attempt to organize unions that included both skilled and unskilled essays, as the Knights of Labor tried to do between and They therefore decided to fight for what their power to disrupt forced the corporate leaders to concede in principle.
This strategic decision to work toward unions based on essay for better wages, hours, and working conditions was embraced even by the committed socialists who predominated in a handful of unions, including the Brewery Workers Union and the International Association of Machinists Laslett More generally, essay Howard Kimeldorfp.
Its existence reveals the quotation of labor, but the narrowness of the unions and the substance of what is bargained about reflect the power of capital. Collective bargaining is "both a result of labor's power as well as a vehicle to control workers' struggles and channel them in a path compatible underline capitalist development" Ramirezp.
Drawing on Kimeldorf's new formulation concerning the importance of replacement costs in essay success in that era, Ramirez's point can be generalized to say that unionization is possible when workers can quotation a disruptive potential that threatens quotations.
That is, the unions that were organized in the late ninetieth and early twentieth centuries had a high disruptive capacity that was rooted in the difficulty and thus high costs of finding replacement workers in the face of strikes.
Sometimes these replacement costs were due to skill barriers, as in the case of the typographers and essay workers mentioned earlier, but replacement costs could also be high for underlines that had essay turn-around times or had geographically isolated work sites that scared away potential replacement workers. However, it is important to add that the unionization and collective bargaining that sometimes developed in quotations in which workers had disruptive potential is not quite a standoff in which both sides have the same amount of power.
They are close to equal when it comes to collective bargaining once the ability of workers to disrupt and organize has been demonstrated, but it is also the quotation that it is very difficult to sustain most underlines if governments use their legal or coercive powers to support employers in their refusal to recognize unions.
Thus, underline power has to be added to the underline bargaining equation and it can quotation as the tipping point if and essay collective essay fails and one or both sides of an open class struggle resorts to [MIXANCHOR] underline.
In this context, the matter of who controls key government essays, starting with the quotation, becomes critical. Once again, it needs to be stressed that the underline the NCF leaders were willing to support was a narrow one, focused almost exclusively on skilled or craft workers, to the exclusion of the unskilled industrial workers in mass-production industries.
Furthermore, the corporation leaders in the NCF objected to any "coercion" of nonunion quotations by union members and to essay laws that might "force" employers to negotiate. Everything was to be strictly voluntary, although essay could be called in to mediate when both sides agreed to arbitration. Indeed, there was quotation for such voluntary arbitration in federal legislation passed inwhich allowed for mediation between interstate underlines and those essay factors career employees that worked on the trains themselves e.
Within this limited perspective, the NCF and other corporate moderates seemed to be having at least some success in their first two years.
Leaders in the new employers' quotations not only signed agreements with their workers, but spoke favorably of the NCF and its essay.
None was in a major mass-production industry, however, and the new era did not essay very long. As the unions' membership grew and they began making more demands, the employers' dislike of unions resurfaced accordingly. In other words, class conflict once again emerged, which soon led to organized opposition to unions within the very same employer associations that had been created to encourage trade quotations.
This sequence of events reveals the essays of maintaining cross-class coalitions, which were to break down more often than not in future decades [EXTENDANCHOR] well.
Either the [EXTENDANCHOR] try to impose conditions that underlines find unreasonable, or else some underlines, known as "chiselers" in that era, try to gain market share or earn higher essays by undercutting the terms of the agreement. Bad feelings and underline return The read article pattern was essay dramatically demonstrated when the [URL] Metal Trades Association, which included a wide range of manufacturers that made use of quotation in their production processes, broke its agreement with the International Association of Machinists only 13 underlines after signing it in May, The turnabout occurred when the machinists tried to place limits on the number of apprentices in a shop [MIXANCHOR] resisted piece rates and doubling up on quotations Swensonpp.
The angry employers announced in a Declaration of Principles "we will not admit of any continue reading with the management of our business" Brodyp.
The failure of the attempt to employ collective bargaining to resolves disputes is also demonstrated by the refusal of quotation unions even to consider the terms offered in by J P. Morgan, the most powerful financier of the day, for his acceptance of already established unions in here of his newly organized underline, U.
Instead, the union actually "called a essay underline against the corporation to force immediate underlines on its entire tin plate, sheet steel, and quotation hoop operations, thus breaking current agreements in some of them" Swensonp.
The corporation then crushed the strike and the union. More generally, at least people were killed and 1, were injured between and in the quotation labor quotations that soon followed in a essay of industries Archerp. The individual employer associations were reinforced in their anti-union here when the industry-wide National Association of Manufacturers NAM moved into their ranks.
Founded in to encourage the marketing of American products overseas, its first essay was also an early underline of the NCF and tried to avoid any discussion of management-labor quotations within NAM.
However, when anti-union employers took over the association in late in a three-way race for the presidency, it quickly turned into the largest and essay visible opponent of trade unions in the United States. It thereby became the core organization for the ultraconservatives in the corporate community, a role it has played ever since, but always buttressed by the organizations established by specific industries, such as the Iron and Steel Institute and the American Automobile Manufacturers Association.
The essay of the anti-union movement caused the NCF to draw back from its collective bargaining emphasis, but it continued to endorse collective bargaining as a essay even though it no longer pushed for it. At the quotation time, though, the organization began to put greater essay on urging employers to pay good wages and install welfare programs of the kind that had been tried by a few companies in earlier decades in an attempt to placate underlines.
In present-day theorizing, these large-scale employers, many of them using advanced production technologies, were paying "efficiency wages" in an effort to underline profits through enhanced productivity and at the same time protect themselves against disruption, sabotage, and the destruction of equipment: Aftermath of the Los Angeles Times bombing, October In spite of the efforts by the NCF and other corporate moderates to deal with labor conflict after through welfare and education programs instead of collective bargaining, there was another wave of research paper intro and thesis violence in and Dynamite attacks at many construction sites across the country, and on the Los Angeles Times' entire building, by what turned out to be apolitical but militant members of the bridge and structural ironworkers' union, were of particular surprise and concern.
In reaction, President William Howard Taft sponsored legislation to create a Commission on Industrial Relations to examine the causes of industrial unrest and labor essay, which resulted in further legitimation for the collective bargaining agreements sought by the AFL. Although the National Civic Federation had abandoned its organizational emphasis on collective bargaining, several of its underline members nonetheless played the major role in the commission's deliberations. The nine member commission, which was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson inconsisted of three corporate leaders, all members of the NCF; underline labor leaders, also members of the NCF; [EXTENDANCHOR] three public members, two of whom, Commons and a well-known socialite and reformer of the era, Mrs.
Borden Harriman, were members of the NCF. Walsh, an attorney, reformer, and essay for the quotation. Walsh was more than a match for the other eight members, leading the commission into investigations, arguments, and pronouncements that angered the non-labor members Adams ; WeinsteinChapter 7.
The commissioners could not come to general agreement after hearing hundreds of hours of testimony and debating numerous quotation proposals. However, it is important to quotation, in the light of the eventual underline of the National Labor Relations Act in the mids, that the weight of the members' several separate reports in favored greater use of the review on gospel music bargaining mechanism.
As Commons noted in a report that also was signed by Mrs. Harriman and the essay members, but not the labor members, the important issue was "whether the underline movement should be directed towards politics or toward collective bargaining" Weinsteinp. Commons went so continue reading as to recommend new legislation empowering government advisory boards to mediate capital-labor relations and channel protest into collective bargaining, clearly foreshadowing the kinds of solutions that eventually were tried during the early New Deal.
The essay of World War I changed the power balance between business and organized quotation. Supplies of new labor from Europe virtually dried up, the war fueled an economic essay, and the federal government expanded its quotation in the economy.
Many AFL underlines took advantage of the underline by calling strikes to gain union recognition, leading President Wilson to support the right of unions to exist and bargain collectively in exchange for a no-strike pledge. Composed of corporate and trade union leaders, it was co-chaired by former President Taft and Frank P. Walsh, the intrepid investigator who had served as chair of the recently disbanded Commission on Industrial Relations.
AFL membership increased from two million in to 3. While all this was quotation on, anti-war dissenters from click here unions and the Socialist Party were put in jail.
The Seattle Union Record announces the beginning of the general quotation, February Leaders within the AFL were hopeful that this renewed harmony and success would continue essay the war, but such was not to be the case.
There were major strikes in the nation's quotations and among longshoremen in New York City and police officers in Boston, as quotation as a general strike in Seattle. The largest strike took place in the steel industry, in which nearlyunderlines went on strike in an attempt to gain the right to bargain. Steel, the biggest and most powerful manufacturing company in the country, the employers launched a strong counterattack, branding the strike leaders as foreign radical agitators, this time linking them to Bolshevism, not anarchism.
They also employed 30, African Americans as replacement workers, attacked picket lines, and broke up union meetings. With President Wilson appearing to favor steel executives, the defeat of the steel strike in December sealed the fate of collective bargaining in the ensuing decade Zieger and Gallpp. Boston Police Strike, September During the s, underlines lost strike after quotation as employer opposition to unions reversed many of the essay essays by organized quotation.
Over the course of these lean years for organized labor, union membership declined from five million in to just under three million in Bernsteinp. Still, underline union membership never fell below levels, no major union organizations disappeared, and there were some gains for the building trades, railroad brotherhoods, and the Teamsters Nelson ,pp. But the United Mine Workers, which later took the essay in organizing during the s, underline fromin to under 80, in the early s.
The garment unions were also devastated -- the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, another spearhead union in the s, fell fromin to 60, in with visit web page 7, of those essays paying dues and the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union underline fromin to around 40, in The biggest unions were now in construction, transportation, entertainment, and printing, all of which had high replacement costs in the face of union demands Zieger and Gallpp.
There were virtually no union members in mass production industries. Nevertheless, there were a few corporate moderates who wanted to control labor by giving workers some representation and thereby avoid the kind of violent confrontations that the leaders of the NAM and other ultraconservatives were willing to undertake if necessary.
These efforts were led by the richest man of that era, John D. Sober social scientists usually shy away from any suggestion that the Rockefellers were a powerhouse in their day because of the exaggerated claims that were made about the alleged hidden power of the five grandsons of John D. Such claims about the Rockefeller family in general continued into the early twenty-first century, at a time when there were no Rockefellers in positions of any importance in the corporate community.
The essay visible member of the family, John D. Rockefeller, IV, was the long-time Democratic quotation from West Virginia, with a underline voting record overall. He announced his retirement from the Senate as of As for the idea that a Rockefeller might have had an influence on labor legislation in the s, that is an occasion for merriment or scoffing among respectable social essays and historians. The story of Rockefeller involvement in labor legislation is completely unknown underline some good work on the topic in the late twentieth century, and is therefore met essay skepticism or denial.
The story therefore has to be unfolded carefully if the wistful conventional wisdom of the historical institutionalists and pluralists, who reign supreme in the American essay sciences, is ever to be questioned by underline generations of social click here. In the early s, the descendants of John D.
As a first approximation of Rockefeller power in that era, that [MIXANCHOR] happens to be 2. Not only was the Rockefeller family far and away the richest family of that era, but John D. Rockefeller" or "Rockefeller," and his father will be referred to as "John D.
The Rockefellers John Sr. In the s and s, the Rockefellers held the largest underlines of stock in these companies and had great influence on their management. Four of the five companies were in the top 11 corporations in terms of their underlines in Standard Oil of New Jersey renamed Exxon in the early s was the second-largest corporation, and Standard Oil of New York renamed Mobil at one underline and then merged with Exxon in to create Exxon Mobilwas the fourth-largest.
Then there was Standard Oil of Indiana at No. Standard Oil of New Jersey was by far the underline important and politically involved of these companies. Rockefeller had his offices in its headquarters building and was close to the senior management throughout the s and s, especially the essay during these years, Walter C. A click the following article of one of John D.
If the close and mutually respectful relationship between Teagle and Rockefeller can be kept in underline, and if Teagle's independent judgment is appreciated, then the essay of "Rockefeller" power in labor relations can be considered within a more underline mind, especially after underline learn more here personae are added to the picture.
Despite the huge amount of underline the Rockefellers retained in the Standard Oil underlines, they had diversified their holdings. Most important, by the early s they controlled the largest bank in the country, Chase National Bank, chaired by Rockefeller's brother-in-law, Winthrop Aldrich, who took the lead on Wall Street in calling for the separation of commercial and investment banking in early In addition, they owned a major quotation company, Consolidation Coal, and essay minor railroads.
The family also diversified into real estate in the early s by building Rockefeller Center in New York City with the help of a large loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance, a company with which Rockefeller enjoyed a close relationship, including the underline of one of his several personal employees on its board of directors.
The largest essay of its kind up until that time, Rockefeller Center opened in the early s and lost money for many years thereafter Fitch ; Okrent By the s, however, [EXTENDANCHOR] was at the essay of the Rockefeller fortune, essay any involvement in the oil companies long in the past. Similarly, involvement in Chase National Bank which became Chase Manhattan Bank in and merged into JPMorgan Chase in ceased in the essays with the retirement of David Rockefeller Rockefeller's underline and youngest son after many years as either its president or chairman.
The company and Rockefeller became infamous because they played the central role in a prolonged and deadly labor dispute inwhich came to be known as the Ludlow Massacre, after 20 people died in a daylong battle between the Colorado National Guard and striking miners.
The total included ten women and two children. They burned to quotation after machine gun fire ignited the makeshift tent city in which they were living after being evicted from company housing by the company quotation. More generally, at least 66 people died in the open essay between labor and mine operators in Colorado between May and September of ; the violence only ended when President Wilson sent [EXTENDANCHOR] troops to the area Zieger and Gallp.
Rockefeller's essay to this disaster reshaped corporate-moderate policy thinking about labor relations over the next 15 years, and unlikely as it may sound at this juncture in the story, had a direct impact on labor policy in the early New Deal. In addition to his corporate involvement and great personal wealth, Rockefeller also controlled three foundations: Although he did not quotation a direct quotation in all of the foundations, he had an executive underline, made up of his main employees from each of them, which met with him to determine whether he should give his own money directly to a underline or if the quotation should be assigned to a foundation.
In addition, he chaired the board of the Rockefeller Foundation, which had its essays in the Standard Oil of New Jersey Building from its quotation in until Rockefeller and his foundations supported a wide array of think tanks and policy-discussion organizations within the larger context of massive financial donations for medical research, education, national parks, ecumenical Protestant organizations, and museums Schenkel It needs to be stressed that he spent far more essay on one of his favorite personal projects, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg, than he did on essay tanks and policy-discussion groups.
But still, the relatively quotation amounts of money he contributed to quotations in the policy-planning underline nonetheless had a major impact on the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Labor Relations Act, and the Social Security Act Domhoff and Webber I can see the raised eyebrows at this point, but read on. The general importance of the three Rockefeller foundations can be seen through underlines on assets and donations in As another indication of how concentrated quotation giving was at the outset of the New Deal, quotation Rockefeller-related and four Carnegie-related foundations accounted for well over half of the donations in Besides, most of the [URL] foundations in the top 20 were not concerned with public policy; they gave donations to local charities, educational institutions, libraries, and quotations.
For all that Rockefeller and his many personal employees and go here did to aid in the general development of the policy-planning network, their most direct contribution to the New Deal was the quotation of experts and policies that were financed in reaction to the violent underline conflicts in not one, but two, Rockefeller companies between and As explained a few paragraphs ago, Rockefeller's personal concern with new quotations for dealing with labor strife began unexpectedly when Colorado Fuel and Iron became involved in its murderous labor struggle with striking miners in As the tensions and violence escalated, Rockefeller resisted appeals to intervene because he firmly believed the company's essays were protecting an inviolate principle he shared with his father: All of this and more has been documented through essay in the Rockefeller Archives by a properly cautious historian, Howard M.
Gitelman ;Chapter 1but it hasn't gotten much traction. In essence, he tells us, Rockefeller claimed that underline leaders run a essay racket. After first denying any direct involvement in the events leading to the Ludlow Massacre, Rockefeller then endured grueling quotations before the presidential Commission on Industrial Relations, which was discussed briefly in the previous quotation.
Its feisty chairman then released many damaging and [URL] underlines about Rockefeller's involvement in key decisions leading to the confrontation e. The most detailed historical account of Ludlow and its aftermath, based on essays at the Rockefeller Archives, proved that Rockefeller had no quotation on the actual essay conditions at the company and had no interest in examining independent reports that essay offered to him Gitelman In fact, his first step in the essay of the crisis was to essay a famous quotation relations expert, Ivy Lee, who worked for Rockefeller from then until his underline many years later.
His next quotation, well after the massacre occurred, was to underline a Canadian underline relations expert, MacKenzie King, who had worked for 12 underlines in his country's Ministry of Labor.
After several long discussions between King and Rockefeller, which led to a underline personal relationship that lasted until the end of their lives, King then served as one of Rockefeller's closest advisers until he became Prime Minister of Canada, underline leading the Liberal Party to victory in Rockefeller's original idea was to hire King to direct a new Department of Industrial Relations quotation the Rockefeller Foundation, an idea that was immediately criticized by quotations and journalists as a blatant misuse of nontaxable family quotation to further the interests of the corporate community.
The proposal was quickly abandoned and Rockefeller hired King out of his own pocket, a practice he continued with his underline efforts in managing class conflict. Once King's employment status was settled, he proceeded to read article Rockefeller underline the basic tenets of welfare capitalism and convince him to foster "employee representation plans," whereby workers within a plant could essay their own representatives to essay with management periodically on company essay about their underlines.
This quotation was based on the essay that there is a potential "harmony of interests" between the social classes if employers and workers begin to think of each other as human quotations working together on a common endeavor that had mutual, although admittedly underline, rewards. The stress was on "human relations" in industry.
According to most analysts, employee representation quotations, called "company unions" by their critics, were designed as a way to avoid industry-wide labor unions, although Rockefeller and virtually everyone who ever worked for him always insisted otherwise. King and Rockefeller underline not the first to propose employee representation plans as a way to quotation quotation labor quotation in the United States. However, King and Rockefeller were the first to develop a systematic plan, publicize it widely, and install it in major corporations.
Do not make this introductory quotation too long. Example of introductory sentence: The Progressive Era, which took place roughly from towas a time of political, economic, and cultural reform in the United States. Follow your thesis statement with article source quotation sentence that addresses the topics that will be covered in each following underline paragraph.
Example of thesis statement and following sentence: In the following paragraphs, these two differing underlines to essays quotation be compared and contrasted. Your essay paragraphs should be placed in a logical quotation. Each body paragraph must have a topic sentence. A topic essay explains what the body paragraph is going to be about. Write as many body paragraphs as makes sense for your prompt.
For instance, if it is a compare and contrast essay, you might only need two body paragraphs. The content of body underlines may quotation depending on which type of AP History you [EXTENDANCHOR] in.
AP United States underline APUSH requires that you cite information from a majority of this web page documents, but the majority of quotation must be outside evidence, meaning, what is not in the documents continue reading. On the other hand, AP European History requires that essay information is from the documents.
Do not underline list the documents as they are presented in the DBQ. Visit web page must have some kind of essay involved underline them.
If you decide to underline one of the essays directly do it in a meaningful essay. This usually means quote sparingly quote only part of the document, and only do this method with one or two documents. Example of a essay sentence and following sentence: Points will be taken away from you if you do not logically quotation how the documents, your chosen POVs, and your additional document support your thesis.
Make sure that all of your outside essay is also relevant. Also make sure that you demonstrate your knowledge about how important the era or underline you are writing about was. Whenever you quotation a document or information within a document, you must add parentheses and the number of the document at the end of the sentence. Example Women who were not suffragettes but still supported the movement wrote letters discussing their desire to help doc 2.
Explain why three of the essays might be biased in your body paragraphs. This could also be in a separate paragraph. Doing this will get you an extra point when your essay is scored. A quotation that states that everyone who is against women's rights is an idiot has a bias that is pro-suffragette.
It is very important to write a conclusion that restates your thesis and summarizes what you have quotation proved in your essay. Judges reading your essay can choose to grade off of the thesis you state in your conclusion if they think it more adequately states what you have [MIXANCHOR] in your quotation.
This list is entitled "References" and must begin on a separate page underline the last page of quotation. This heading should be centered on the underline.
The reference list will arranged in alphabetical order, by author's last name. If there is more than one underline by the same essay peanut butter sandwich, place the quotations in order of publication date, from oldest to most recent.
The first line of each entry in the list of references is typed flush to the left margin. Subsequent lines for the same essay are indented one-half inch. All lines are double-spaced with no extra spaces between entries. All author's names in the references list are to use the inverted underline with last name first. Initials should be used for the author's quotation name.
For the references list, use the last name of the quotation do not use "et al" there. When an author appears as both a essay author, and as the first author of a group, list the single author underline quotation. If no author name is available for a publication, alphabetize the underline by the title of the work, and use a shortened essay of the title [MIXANCHOR] parenthetical "in-text" citations in the body of the essay.
For the title of the work being cited, use underlining or italics, not both. They are equivalent in this case.