A guide for writing a research paper - How to Write a Research Paper - A Research Guide for Students

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Writing a Research Paper for Your Science Fair Project

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Be sure to include the hypotheses you tested, controls, treatments, variables measured, how many replicates you had, what you actually measured, what form the data take, etc. Always identify treatments by the variable or treatment name, NOT by an ambiguous, generic name or number e.

When your paper includes more than one experiment, use subheadings to help organize your presentation by experiment.

A general experimental design worksheet is available to help plan your experiments in the core courses. Describe the procedures for your study in sufficient detail that other scientists could repeat your work to verify your findings. Foremost in your description should be the "quantitative" aspects of your study - the masses, volumes, incubation times, concentrations, etc. When using standard lab or field methods and instrumentation, thesis of the devil in massachusetts is not always necessary to explain the procedures e.

You may want to identify certain types of equipment by vendor name and brand or category e. It is appropriate to report, parenthetically, the source vendor and catalog number for reagents used, e.

Always make sure to describe any modifications you have made of a standard or published method.

Guide to Grammar and Writing

Very frequently the experimental design and data collection procedures for an experiment cannot be dissertation analytique plan and must be integrated together. If you find yourself repeating lots of information about the experimental design when describing the data collection procedure slikely you can combine them and be more concise. Of course you did, because that is what all good scientists do, and it is a given that you recorded your measurements and observations.

Describe how the data were summarized and analyzed. Here you will indicate what types of descriptive statistics were used and which analyses usually hypothesis tests were employed to answer each of the questions or hypotheses tested and determine statistical siginifcance.

The information should include: For example, "A Paired t-test was used to compare mean thesis statement about trash duration before and after applying stablizers to the glider's wings. Here is some additional advice on particular problems common to new scientific writers.

The Methods section is prone to being wordy or overly detailed. Avoid repeatedly using a single sentence to relate a single action; this results in very lengthy, wordy passages.

A related sequence of actions can be combined into one sentence to improve clarity and readability: This is a very long and wordy description of a common, simple procedure. It is characterized by single actions per sentence and lots of unnecessary details. The lid was then raised slightly. An inoculating loop was used to transfer culture to the agar surface.

The turntable was rotated 90 guides by hand. The writing was moved lightly back and forth over the agar to spread the culture. The bacteria were then incubated at 37 C for 24 hr. Same actions, research all the important information for given in a single, concise sentence. Note that superfluous detail and otherwise obvious information has been deleted while important missing information was added.

Here the author assumes the reader has basic knowledge of microbiological techniques and has deleted other superfluous information. The two sentences have been combined because they are related actions. Avoid using ambiguous terms to identify controls or treatments, or paper study parameters that require specific identifiers to be clearly understood.

Designators such as Tube 1, Tube 2, or Site 1 and Site 2 are completely meaningless out of context and difficult to follow in context. In this example the reader will have no clue as to what the various tubes represent without having to constantly refer back to some previous point in the Methods.