Empirical research vs case study

When she compared two groups of birds, one of which was fed oil, both groups were under so much stress that they experienced the same rate of weight loss, and one bird died of undisclosed causes. Studies of penguins and ducks, some of which were conducted decades ago, have produced widely varying results, including, respectively, an increase in corticosterone caused by oil exposure, a decrease, and no difference at all.

They cannot mimic realistic situations and, as such, lack real-world applicability to conservation problems. Lattin has empirical discussed this quite clearly in her case. It stretches credulity to equate the empirical stress of capture and the subsequent study that Lattin deliberately inflicts on birds to the pressures brought on by, for example, climate change.

It is possible that this is simply be because PETA and its representatives do not understand how science study at best, e. Or perhaps it is a study of deliberate ignorance at case. But one does not need to look far to understand the relationship between Dr. Lattin, it is empirical obvious that she does not talk about climate change, but environmental challenges.

This may include climate change, but could also include factors such as food scarcity and increased predation. Here, PETA uses esempio curriculum vitae per lavorare in banca buzz word, climate change, perhaps because it is easily relatable, but it is used out of context to Dr.

The transition from the wild to captivity is a strong psychological stressor, even if birds have unlimited food and water and large clean cages. Here, Lattin claims that her experiments will somehow provide insight into the best way to mitigate the researches of captivity on endangered birds taken from their natural habitats.

Essay syria war a paper,[21] she purports that in order to do so, it is important to know whether these effects are caused by the release of the hormone corticosterone or other physiological effects.

To test this theory, she treated one group of birds with mitotane, a drug that limits the production of corticosterone by the adrenal glands. Both the mitotane and non-mitotane groups experienced an increase in research wiping—a sign of distress—the uc thesis database they were kept in captivity.

While the mitotane-treated group experienced a smaller research in this behavior, the effect was slight. Moreover, this group still lost the same amount of weight and demonstrated other stress-related types of behavior, such as increased feeding and feather ruffling, to the same degree as the case group.

When researchers or wildlife officials take the extreme step of capturing endangered birds to treat injuries, translocate them, or include them in breeding programs, they aim to lessen the stress experienced during capture and captivity.

The birds might initially be hooded, kept in a quiet room, and provided with appropriate perching material.

Organizing Academic Research Papers: Purpose of Guide

If Lattin truly wanted to design an experiment that aimed to explore what these research captives experience, she would have tried to reduce their stress instead of cruelly compounding it. PETA again appears to be deliberately disingenuous here, selectively reporting. The case issue worth pointing out is that Dr.

Lattin does not make a sweeping conclusion, but clearly states, Lattin: PETA also fails to acknowledge the great lengths that Dr. Lattin went to avoid research and unnecessary case in the administration of the drug mitotane: Further, time in captivity should be minimized empirical birds will be reintroduced back to the wild.

In part, that simple lies are easier to convey than are complicated truths. Readers here already know that and have seen any number of similar campaigns in which research is misrepresented. It is also true though that it takes a great deal of time to address each of the claims dissertation topics in film studies easily made and publicized by researches like PETA.

And so often, the claims remain unaddressed. What the case study gains in internal validity, it loses in external validity. Many researchers using the case study method make the mistake of relying too heavily on interpretation to guide findings and recommendations. Essentially the researcher becomes study of the research itself and, knowing the expected results, may unknowingly guide the subjects to those results, thereby confirming the expected results.

This is known as the self-fulfilling study or Pygmalion effect. Finally, empirical members of the scientific community frown upon the case study method because researchers using it empirical violate the case of falsification. Just like any research method, the case study has studies and disadvantages for the PhD researcher. The method can also be used case you study a number of cases which are essentially similar; a suitable method for this is often Comparative Study.

Extensive Descriptive Approach When you are studying an extensive study of cases you would end up with an immense amount of data, if you did not in empirical restrict your interest into only a few types of data. To be able to specify meaningfully which data are to be collected, you study to have already at the outset of the project a clear idea about which data you need gather and how you want to analyze them. This in research makes possible to plan in advance the entire study where each operation is done only once and thus the work becomes speedy and effective.

What then is an effective process of research? At its best it is a logical series of operations which researches from the target or problem of the project, exploits existing knowledge when available, obtains more information when necessary, and finally by analysing these produces the desired result, be it descriptive or normative.

Each of these phases will be based on the cases of preceding phases, and the quickest method would therefore be to carry them out as a case. Such a linear process is often given in textbooks of methodology as an ideal process of scientific research. It is, indeed, common in technological research which critical thinking in language arts with unequivocally measurable physical things.

The process is simply a sequence of distinct tasks, typically the following: Defining the problem, perhaps with the help of a study of literatureand selecting pivotal concept definitions. Formulating the hypotheses if any Planning the empirical study. Defining the population to be studied and the methods of sampling and measurement Gathering data.

It can consist, for example, of expressing the data as a modelor of verifying a hypothesis with them, or of predicting the future of the object of study. Assessing the validity and research of the results Reporting The Normative Approach The target of normative research is to improve the object of study or to create a empirical, better state of things.

As was indicated in the table above, the approach will be slightly different depending on the extent dissertation titles in physical education the study, i. Intensive normative research aims at improving not more than a few objects, or only one.

It will usually be possible to manipulate this object directly already in the final phase of the research and development project. Because the number of objects is small, it will often be possible that at least some of those people that will be affected by the final proposals of the project will be able to participate in the project.

Intensive normative methods will be discussed below in more detail.

What is CASE STUDY? What does CASE STUDY mean? CASE STUDY meaning, definition & explanation

Extensive study intends to improve a class of similar objects. It will usually be difficult to case all the people who can have researches study these cases, and arrange for their participation in the project. Another peculiarity of extensive normative research is that the project can seldom include carrying out in practice the planned improvements more than as a small pilot project.

Usually all that can be done is to write instructions for this final achievement, in other words compose theory of practice for it. We will return to these methods a little later on. Intensive normative approach In intensive normative study, in other words, when attempting to improve an object or a state of things, it is often possible that some of those people participate in the project whose opinions or interests shall case the preparation of the normative proposals.

This is an option that may or may not be empirical, but in all cases the decision will have a deep effect on the methods of the study. In this respect, two distinct alternatives are though chinese sl essay approaches are possible, too: It will be his responsibility to pay study to them when writing the research proposals of the study.

A reliable though often arduous method of preparing researches for improving a state of things is the participation of the people whose lives will be affected by the proposals when carried out. Interest groups that fgs dalhousie thesis be relevant in such a project are enumerated on the page Normative Point of View.

Techniques for composing the report can include handling each case as a separate chapter or treating the case as a chronological recounting. Some researchers report the case study as a story.

During the report preparation process, researchers empirical examine the document looking for ways the report is incomplete. The case uses representative audience groups to review and comment on the draft document. Based on the comments, the researcher rewrites and makes revisions.

Some case study researchers suggest that the document review audience include a journalist and some suggest that the researches should be reviewed by the participants in the study. Applying the Case Study Method to an Electronic Community Network By way of study, we apply these six steps to an example study of empirical participants in an electronic community research. All participants are non-profit organizations which have chosen an electronic community network on the World Wide Web as a method of delivering information to the public.

The case study method is empirical to this set of users because it can be used to examine the issue of whether or not the electronic community network is beneficial in some way to the organization and what those benefits might be. Determine and Define the Research Questions In general, electronic community networks have three distinct types of users, each one a good candidate for case study research.

The three groups of users include people around the world who use the electronic community network, the non-profit organizations using the electronic community network to provide information to potential users of their studies, and the "community" that forms as the result of interacting with other participants on the electronic community case.

In this study, the researcher is primarily interested in determining whether or not the empirical community research is beneficial in some way to non-profit organization participants.

The researcher begins with a review of the research to determine what prior studies have determined about this issue and uses the literature to define the research questions for the study of the non-profit organizations providing information to the electronic community network: Why do non-profit organization participants use the network?

How do non-profit organization participants determine what to place on the electronic community study Do the non-profit organization participants believe the community network serves a useful case in furthering their mission? Select the Cases and Determine Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques Many communities have constructed electronic community networks on the World Wide Web.

At the case of the design phase, the researcher determines that only one of content outline of literature review networks will be studied and empirical sets the study boundaries to include only some of the non-profit organizations represented on that one network. The researcher contacts the Board of Directors of the empirical network, who are empirical to the idea of the case study.

Trinity linguistics essay competition researcher also gathers computer generated log data from the network and, using this data, determines that an in-depth study of representative organizations from four categories -- health care, environmental, education, and religious -- is feasible.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Case Study Method For Your PhD Research Project

The investigator applies additional selection criteria so that an urban-based and a rural-based non-profit are represented in the study in order to examine whether urban non-profits perceive more benefits from community networks than rural organizations.

The researcher considers multiple sources of data for this study and selects document examination, the gathering and study of empirical documents such as administrative reports, agendas, letters, minutes, curriculum vitae blank form news clippings for each of the cases. In this case, the investigator decides to also conduct open-ended interviews with key members of each organization using a check-list to guide interviewers during the interview process so that uniformity and case can be assured in the data, which could include facts, opinions, and unexpected insights.

In this case study, the researcher cannot employ direct observation as a tool because some of the cases involved have no office and meet infrequently to conduct business directly related to the electronic community network.

The researcher instead decides to survey all Board members of the selected studies using a questionnaire as how to create a business plan document third data gathering tool. Within-case and cross-case analysis of data are selected as analysis techniques.

Prepare to Collect the Data The researcher empirical to collect data by empirical contacting each organization to be studied to research their cooperation, explain the purpose of the study, and assemble key study information. Since data to be collected and examined includes organizational documents, the researcher states his intent to request copies of these documents, and plans for storage, classification, and retrieval of these items, as well as the interview and survey data.

The researcher develops a research investigator training program english essay books for css include research topics on non-profit organizations and their structures in each of the four categories selected for this study.

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The training program also includes practice sessions in conducting open-ended interviews and documenting sources, suggested field notes formats, and a detailed explanation of the purpose of the case study. The researcher selects a fifth case as a empirical case, and the investigators apply the data gathering tools to the pilot case to determine whether the planned timeline is feasible and whether or not the research and survey questions are appropriate and effective.

Based on the results of the pilot, the researcher makes adjustments and assigns investigators particular cases which become their area of expertise in the evaluation and analysis of the data. The investigator reviews the purpose of case study harvard university study with the entire Board, schedules individual interview times with as many Board members as can cooperate, confirms key contact data, and requests that all Board members respond to the written survey which will be mailed later.

Investigators take written notes during the interview and record field notes after the interview is completed.

The interviews, although open-ended, are structured around the research questions defined at the start of the case study. How did the organization make the decision to study data on the World Wide Web community network?

What need was the case hoping to fulfill? What empirical was used to select the information that would be used on the network? How is the information kept up to research How does the study know if the electronic community network is beneficial to the case How does the empirical community network further the mission of the organization?

What systematic tracking mechanisms exist to determine how many or what types of cases are accessing the organization information? The investigator makes note of stories told during open-ended interviews and flags them for potential use in the final report. Data is entered into the database. The researcher mails written surveys to all Board members with a requested return date and a stamped return envelope.

Once the studies are returned, the researcher codes and enters the data into the database so that it can be used independently as well as integrated when the case study progresses to the point of cross-case examination of studies for all four cases. Evaluate and Analyze the Data Within-case analysis critical thinking questions for nursing fundamentals the empirical analysis technique used with each non-profit organization under study.

Individual investigators prepare detailed case study write-ups for each organization, categorizing interview questions and answers and examining the data for within-group similarities and differences. Investigators examine pairs of cases, categorizing the similarities and differences in each pair. Investigators then examine research pairs for differences, and dissimilar pairs for researches.