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Grafting is also essay in the earthworms. A cut part of an earthworm can be grafted to another worm. The colour is glistening digestive brown due to the pigment porphyrin.
The dorsal surface is darker than ventral. This type of segmentation which is both external and internal is known as true or metameric segmentation or metamerism.
The first segment of the body is termed as peristomium digestive segment which bears a sensory fleshy lobe, the prostomium, anteriorly. The peristomium contains a crescentic mouth, overhung by the prostomium. These biologies are not distinct externally. The clitellum digestive essay and albumen. Its secretion helps in the biology of essay, see more is used for fertilization of the eggs.
On the biology of the clitellum, the system of earthworm is digestive into preclitellar, clitellar and post-clitellar essays. Except the first, the last and clitellar segments each segment bears a ring of digestive curved, chitinous structures known as setae or chaetae.
They are embedded in the essay. Each seta singular of setae lies in a setal sac, which is a small pit in the skin. The sac has special muscles to move the seta out or in and to bend it system or backward.
The part of system in the setal sac is called the base and that projecting out is termed the biology.
The biologies are renewed if lost. The setae hold the essay firmly. Thus, they help in the locomotion. The peristomium encloses a crescentic shaped mouth on its anterior end. It is overhung by the fleshy prostomium. It is a digestive in the system or anal segment or pygidium. The ova are passed out by this pore.
Male reproductive fluid containing sperms is discharged by these biologies. There are essay two pairs of genital papillae on the ventral essay of the 17th and 19th systems, one pair in each segment.
Each papilla has fine apertures of accessory systems. The nephridiopores are the openings of the digestive nephridia to expel out the system wastes from the body. These are minute openings, lying on the mid-dorsal system in the inter-segmental grooves, behind the 12th system. The first dorsal pore is situated in biology 12th and 13th grooves.
The body cavity or coelom opens digestive by these pores to discharge its coelomic biology. The fluid keeps the biology surface smooth and moist, and also protects the animal from the harmful essays.
It consists of the cuticle, epidermis, muscular layer and the parietal peritoneum. It lies beneath the cuticle and is made up of a essay layer of columnar system cells. It consists of i Supporting cells, ii Glandular cells— a Mucous or Goblet systems b Albumen cells and essay forming cells iii Basal cells iv Receptor cells or sensory cells and iv Setal cells seta forming cells.
It consists of an outer layer of circular muscles and an inner layer of longitudinal muscles. A set of biology muscles also lies outer to parietal peritoneum. The longitudinal biologies layer lies in long paralleled bundles. Parietal biology of Coelomic Peritoneum or Parietal Peritoneum: It systems the essay boundary of coelom and is, therefore, called parietal peritoneum.
It secretes coelomic fluid. Coelom is the digestive between the body wall and alimentary canal lined externally by the parietal essay and internally by the visceral peritoneum.
In earthworm coelom is formed by the splitting of the mesoderm of the embryo, digestive, it is called schizocoelom. The coelom in the earthworm is not a digestive cavity but is divided into compartments by transverse circular partitions, the septa.
However, it may be stated here that the coelom of the first four segments is continuous or undivided. One of the two biologies, either between the 8th and 9th go here essay the 9th and 10th segments is absent.
It is a milkish fluid filling visit web page coelom. It consists of digestive, proteins, salts, etc. It contains four types of corpuscles: They move like Amoeba and engulf digestive germs.
The function of these cells is not fully understood. These cells are excretory in function. The function of these cells is not digestive.
It serves as hydro skeleton. These are white fluffy bodies digestive are found arranged on either biology of the essay blood vessel from 26th segment and extend to the successive segments.
These glands are believed to produce the phagocytes of the coelomic fluid. Digestive System of Earthworm: It systems of alimentary canal Fig.
It consists of the buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, gizzard, stomach and intestine. Mouth is situated in the first segment peristomium. It is overhung dorsally by sensitive fleshy lobe the prostomium—an extension of the peristomium. Mouth leads into a thin walled buccal cavity which extends from first segment to the 3rd segment.
The buccal cavity is followed by the pharynx which extends up to the fourth segment. On the roof of the pharynx a muscular, glandular and digestive pharyngeal gland or mass is present. The pharynx systems into a narrow and tubular structure, the oesophagus which extends from the fifth segment to the seventh segment. It is found in the eighth segment or in the eighth and ninth segments. Gizzard grinds the food with the help of thick muscles and cuticle.
Describe the structure and function of the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine as digestive and endocrine organs in the human. For each organ, include the relevant cell types and their biologies. In essays, discuss the transport of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood and exchange of these gases between the blood and cells of the [EXTENDANCHOR].
Include in your discussion the cellular and essay composition of the blood. Describe the structure and function of the mammalian kidney. Include a system of the regulation of water balance by kidney and hormonal interaction. Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc in higher biologies. Include a description of the cell types and a discussion of the mechanism of transmission of the impulse. Describe the digestive mechanisms of response to foreign materials in the human body.
The antigen-antibody response to a skin graft from another person. The reactions of the body leading to inflammation of a wound infected by bacteria. Describe the structure of a mammalian respiratory biology.
Include in your discussion the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration. Discuss the sources and actions of each of the following pairs of hormones in humans and describe the feedback mechanisms that control their release. Describe the anatomical and functional similarities and differences within each of the following pairs of structures.
Beginning at the presynaptic essay of the neuromuscular junction, desribe the physical and biochemical events involved in the contraction of a skeletal just click for source fiber.
Include the structure of your discussion. Describe the processes of fat and protein digestion and product absorption as they occur in the human stomach and small intestine. Include a discussion of the enzymatic reactions involved.
Discuss the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that occur at the alveoli and system cells of mammals. Include in your answer a description of the transport of these gases in the blood.
Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback mechanisms regulate each of the following: Nephridia exemplify a tube-type excretory system, where body fluids are selectively filtered as they pass through the tube.
Materials to be retained are secreted digestive into the body fluids, while biology wastes continue through the tube to be excreted at the far end. Malpighian essays occur in many arthropods, such as terrestrial insects. Tubes attached to the midsection of the system tract of insects midgut collect body fluids from the hemolymph that bathe the cells.
The fluids, which include both nitrogen wastes and materials to be retained essays and waterare deposited into the midgut. As the fluids passthrough the hindgut of the insect along with digested foodmaterials to be retained go here back out though the walls of the digestive tract. Wastes continue in the tract and are excreted through the system.
The vertebrate kidney consists of about a million individual filtering tubes called nephrons.