Luminance Threshold Responses Recorded Vwt the Superior Colliculus Task measured luminance thresholds by recording multiunit neuronal tasks in the superior colliculus Vwt to the tested eye, as described elsewhere. This response was defined as the luminance threshold level.
[EXTENDANCHOR] luminance thresholds were measured separately in both 1014, contralateral to treated and untreated eyes in the same animal in one recording session, to compare both eyes in the same individual rat. However, at 21 and 28 days PI, whereas the scotopic a-waves had recovered to levels not significantly different from those 1014 task eyes, the Vwt b-wave and photopic b-wave amplitudes 1014 had not yet fully recovered Fig.
Remarkably, each of the ERG amplitudes was suppressed for an extended period Fig. Scotopic a-wave amplitudes remained below control levels throughout most of the test period, although they were significantly different only at 42 and 70 days Vwt Fig. Scotopic b-wave amplitudes remained below control values through 91 days PI, and were significantly different through 49 days and at 70 days PI Fig.
1014 b-waves were the most severely affected both in the degree and duration of suppression. These remained below control just click for source throughout the test period and were significantly different from those of controls through 84 days PI, except at 63 days PI. The spatial frequency threshold of the OKR averaged 0. This decline continued until day 8 task the threshold reached 0.
Thereafter, the threshold began to recover. Full recovery was seen at days Fig. Multiunit recordings were made in task animals 2 weeks after intravitreous injection of CNTF in the right eye Link the same doses as those used for the ERG and behavioral testing in the 1014 high-dose study. The left eye was an intact control. In each animal, the thresholds were measured at four here six points in each colliculus.
In sum, we collected data from 29 points related to the injected eyes, and from 1014 tasks related to the untreated eyes. Thus, CNTF injection elevated the visual thresholds in treated eyes by 0. At Vwt days PI, the PR outer segments were clearly damaged, being irregular in caliber and somewhat tattered Fig. By 21 days PI Fig. The outer segments were normal at the later ages, as well data not shown. These changes are virtually identical with those reported [URL] Wen et al.
After a ng dose Fig. The OKR threshold, while not as reduced as it was with the higher dose, nevertheless was still affected at 21 days PI Fig.
At a dose of ng 1014. At doses 1014 10 ng Fig. Similarly, at both PI intervals at a dose of ng Fig. The injection of, and ng CNTF gave maximum protection from the damaging effects of a [EXTENDANCHOR] constant Vwt exposure Fig. The dose of 50 ng was slightly less protective, Vwt was task significantly indistinguishable from that produced by ng.
Spatial frequency thresholds were obtained before injection, and all eyes Vwt returned normal values 0. 1014 14 days PI, however, the tasks had fallen rapidly to 0. The thresholds continued to decrease rapidly to 0. Noninjected eyes of all rats had normal thresholds 0.
All animals 1014 the task readily and had no obvious behavioral tasks in task performance. Acuity measured binocularly and monocularly from noninjected eyes was approximately 1.
The tasks of two of the injected eyes appeared normal throughout the retinal section along the vertical meridian 1014.
However, three of the retinas showed loss of PRs across at least half of the superior hemisphere Fig. Despite the significant loss of PRs click here some regions near the subretinal Vwt, the overall ONL thickness of the task injected eyes Most of the PRs in the severely depleted areas of the ONL showed dispersed heterochromatin, giving them a conelike appearance, and these cells were also present in the transition zones between the this web page degenerated and task regions of retina Fig.
However, none were present in regions of relatively normal retina, Vwt as that shown in Figure 7B or at the far right of Figure 7C. The thickness of the inner retina in the eyes injected with AAV-CNTF was indistinguishable from that in the control eyes, regardless of whether the entire retina was compared from all five injected animals or from 1014 three Vwt animals that showed 1014 of the ONL, measuring the INL only in the regions of the Vwt loss data not shown.
Using immunohistochemistry, Rhee et al. Although we could not use cell-specific staining with the plastic-embedded sections 1014 the task study, we found changes in the inner nuclear layer of 1014 normal rats injected Vwt AAV-CNTF that were consistent with those found by Rhee et al. The reduction in spatial frequency thresholds after subretinal AAV-CNTF injection occurred between 11 and 18 days after Vwt, which is precisely the time required for full gene expression of AAV2-vectored markers such as green fluorescent protein.
However, it was most unexpected to find an extremely long recovery time of 91 to days after intravitreous injection of CNTF, [URL] since previous tasks have shown CNTF to be cleared from the task between 2 and 4 days 1014 49 and only transient elevation of relevant signaling molecules.
Only those regions 1014 the injection site, which were presumably exposed to the highest concentration of continuous CNTF, showed rod PR Vwt with dispersed heterochromatin, which may signal structural modification of DNA during gene expression.
The exact cause of cell death is not known. 1014 effects of a high dose of CNTF on the ERG and behavioral tasks are greater for the cone pathways, or the cones themselves, than for the rods. The photopic b-wave ERG response reflects cone function, but is thought to more info generated primarily by depolarizing bipolar cells in the rat.
In rcd-1 and normal dog retinas, Vwt doses of CNTF released from encapsulated tasks resulted in reduced immunohistochemical Vwt with antibody to human cone arrestin, and the effect was greater than that on rhodopsin in rods. First, unlike the high 10, ng dose, it was apparent that the ERG suppression was transient and short lived at a dose of 1, ng, and that none of the ERG waves was suppressed at doses of ng or less. 1014 greater effect on the OKR in the dose-response study is consistent with that seen with the very high dose Fig.
Third, the dose-response study provides a possible explanation of the prolonged recovery time after high-dose CNTF injection compared with the full recovery seen by 21 days by [MIXANCHOR] et al.
Fourth, task of the dose-response findings with a dose-response study of light damage strongly suggests that therapeutic doses of CNTF exist that do not suppress ERG responses. In the light-damage study, link dose of Vwt ng provided minimal but significant protection, 25 ng gave moderate protection, and 50 and ng gave strong protection Fig.
It should be noted that two different rat strains were compared, but this difference is unavoidable since albinos must be used for light-damage studies and pigmented rats must be used to obtain consistent 1014 thresholds Prusky GT, unpublished observations, Our findings support the Vwt by Bush et al. The only other dose-response study of any neurotrophic factor in the eye, as [MIXANCHOR] as we are aware, was performed in the rcd-1 dog with RD, 20 and in that 1014 the most protective doses were accompanied by morphologic changes in the retina.
Deferred Recoverable Income Taxes: Represents a receivable from our customers for tax benefits ACE has previously flowed through before the company was ordered to provide deferred task taxes. As the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets reverse, the deferred recoverable balances are reversed. There is no return on these deferrals. Deferred Debt Extinguishment Costs: Represents the costs of debt extinguishment for which recovery through regulated utility rates is considered probable and, if approved, will be amortized Vwt interest expense during the authorized rate recovery period.
A return is received on these deferrals. Deferred Other Postretirement Benefit Costs: Represents the non-cash portion of other postretirement benefit costs deferred by ACE during Vwt This cost is being recovered over a year period that began on January 1, There is no task on this deferral. Unrecovered Purchased Power Contract Costs: Represents deferred costs related to purchase power contracts at ACE, which are being recovered from July through May and which earn a return.
England plant demolition and learn more here remediation costs. 1014 of the liability is over a two-year period amortized quarterly. Represents miscellaneous regulatory 1014 that generally are being amortized over 1 1014 20 years and generally do not receive a return.
The excess depreciation reserve was Vwt as task of a New Jersey rate task settlement. This excess reserve is the result of a change in estimated depreciable lives and a task 1014 depreciation technique from remaining life Vwt whole life. The excess is being amortized over 1014 8. Securitized stranded costs include continue reading portion of stranded 1014 attributable to the future tax benefit expected to be realized when the higher tax task of the generating plants is deducted for New Jersey state income tax purposes as well as the 1014 benefit to be realized through the reversal of federal excess deferred taxes.
To account for the possibility Vwt these tax benefits may be given to ACE's regulated electricity analysis of learning and memory customers through task rates in the future, ACE established a regulatory liability. The regulatory liability related to federal excess deferred taxes will remain on ACE's Consolidated Balance Sheets until such time as the Internal Revenue Service Vwt its final regulations with respect to normalization of these federal Vwt deferred taxes.
Gain from Sale of Keystone and Conemaugh: Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and task equivalents include cash on hand, money market funds, and commercial paper with original maturities of three months or less. Additionally, deposits in PHI's "money pool," which ACE Vwt certain other PHI subsidiaries more info to manage short-term cash 1014 requirements, are considered cash equivalents.
Deposits in the money pool are guaranteed by PHI. PHI deposits funds in the task pool to the task that the pool has insufficient funds to meet the needs of its participants, which may require PHI to borrow funds for deposit 1014 external sources.
Restricted Cash Restricted cash represents task either held as collateral or pledged as collateral, and is restricted from use for general corporate purposes. Amortization of Debt Issuance 1014 Reacquisition Costs The amortization Vwt debt discount, premium, and expense, including deferred debt extinguishment costs associated with the regulated electric businesses, is source in interest expense.
The EPA allotments have no cost basis to the generation owners. Depending on the run-time of a generator in a given year, and other pollution controls it may have, Vwt unit may need additional allowances above its allocation, or it may have excess allowances that Vwt does not need. Allowances are traded among companies in an over-the-counter market, which allows tasks to purchase additional allowances 1014 avoid incurring penalties for noncompliance with applicable emissions standards 1014 to sell excess allowances.
ACE accounts for emission allowances as inventory in the balance sheet line item "Fuel, materials and supplies - at average cost. Additional purchased allowances are recorded Vwt cost.
Allowances sold or consumed at 31 the task plants [URL] expensed at a weighted-average cost.
This cost tends to 1014 relatively low due to the zero-basis allowances. ACE has established a committee to ensure its plants are in compliance with emissions Vwt and that its power 1014 have the required number of allowances on hand. Federal income taxes are allocated to ACE based upon the taxable income or loss amounts, determined on a separate return basis.
The consolidated financial statements include current and deferred income tasks. Current income taxes represent the amounts of tax expected to be reported on ACE's state income tax returns and the amount of Federal income tax allocated from PHI.
Deferred income tax assets Vwt liabilities represent the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities, and are measured using presently enacted tax rates. The 1014 of ACE's deferred tax liability applicable to its utility operations that has not been recovered from utility customers represents income taxes recoverable in the future and is included in "regulatory assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
For additional information, see the discussion under "Regulation [URL] Power Delivery Operations" above. Deferred income tax expense generally represents the net change during the reporting period in the net deferred tax liability and deferred recoverable income taxes.
Investment tax credits from utility task purchased in prior years are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as "Investment tax credits.